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Computer Science

Computer Science is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information. It includes the theoretical foundations of information and computation and the practical techniques of applying those foundations to computer systems. Among the many subfields of Computer Science are computer graphics, computer programming, computational complexity theory, and human-computer interaction. Questions about Computer Science, terms such as algorithms and proofs, and methodologies are encouraged in this category.

1,839 Questions

What is the difference between information technology and computer science engineering college degrees and which has a better scope?

The information technology course module has been designed with more of software part in the course whereas Computer Science includes more of computer hardware part like networking, chip level knowledge etc. Although some of the subjects are same in both the streams.

AnswerInformation Technology is the business side of computers - usually dealing with databases, business, and accounting. The cs engineering degree usually deals with how to build micro processors, how to write a compiler, and is usually more math intensive than IT. One way to think of it is one is dealing with information - data which would be the IT and the other is dealing with the "science" or "how to make it" of computers. Answer

The exact answer depends heavily on the college or university in question, as each tends to split things slightly differently. As a generalization, there are actually three fields commonly associated with computers:

Information Technology - this sometimes also goes by the names "Information Systems", "Systems Administration", or "Business Systems Information/Administration". This is a practical engineering field, concerned primarily with taking existing hardware and software components and designing a larger system to solve a particular business function. Here you learn about some basic information theory, applied mathematics theory, and things like network topology/design, database design, and the like. IT concerns itself with taking building blocks such as servers, operating systems, network switches, and software applications and creating a whole system to solve a problem (such as creating a sales order handling systems).

Computer Science - this is a theoretical field, with emphasis on the mathematical basis which underlies modern programming. That is, computer science is primarily software-oriented, as it concerns itself with developing new algorithmic ways to solve a problem. Such algorithms are then actually implemented in software. Here you will learn about the fundamentals of programming languages, a large variety of information theory and algorithm theory (plus, linear and discrete mathematics), how to design a software program, and how to run a successful software development team. CS can also encompass items such as compiler and Operating system design and implementation. In general, if it concerns actually writing any form of software, whether to solve a practical problem or as part of a more academic research project, CS is the place to be.

Computer Engineering - this is an hardware engineering field. Some places treat it as a specialty of Electrical Engineering. This field teaches the design of hardware components, and also the assembly of those components into a larger hardware system. It encompasses information theory, electrical engineering, VLSI design, and digital logic. Here you will be involved with designing CPUs and other Integrated Chips to perform specific tasks, and will also learn about very low-level programming (usually, the type of programming use to create firmware). In essence, CE involves the creation of hardware devices intended to perform a very specific function (e.g. a modem, a CPU, a DRAM chip, etc.)

What are the Components in uml language?

A component represents a modular part of a software system that encapsulates (hides) its contents, exposes public interface for provided services, and which is replaceable within system with equivalent or conformant components.

A component defines its behavior in terms of provided and required interfaces (potentially exposed via ports.) Internals of component are hidden and inaccessible other than as provided by its interfaces.

Larger pieces of a system's functionality may be assembled by reusing components as parts in an encompassing component or assembly of components, and wiring together their required and provided interfaces.

Stack example in c using push and pop?

http://www.osix.net/modules/article/?id=275

muzzy writes "Here's some code for you kids. It demonstrates the concept of stack, implemented with a linked list mechanism to support virtually infinitely large stack sizes. Happy reading."

/* Simple Dynamically Allocating Stack Implementation in C
*
* Copyright (C) 2002 Muzzy of Worst Coders
*/

Is there any difference in allocation of the memory of the member of class and object?

A class is the definition of a type -- it consumes no memory in an off itself. An object is an instance of a class, and therefore consumes memory, equal to the total size of all its member variables (attributes), including base class members, plus padding for alignment. If the class declares any virtual methods, a v-table is also created, which consumes additional memory.

Why are usb sticks fat32?

FAT32 is a widely recognized file system. While not necessarily the most modern or most reliable system, using FAT32 per default allows manufacturers to sell one version for use with many computers and operating systems.

The same cannot be said from more advanced file systems such as NTFS or Reiser, to name just two.

Expert users can always re-format a device with the file system of choice prior to first use.

What is difference between forest and a domain in AD?

The term 'domain' is too general to compare to the idea of a forest. A domain and the AD can be a part of a forest. This includes; domain controllers, child domains, domain functionality, replicators, directory service and so on. The concept of creating a forest was first introduced in the windows 2003 AD architecture. Suffice to say interoperability with server 2000 and NT (which do not recognize the forest) poses limitations and security issues. Hence four levels of functionality. Some are, in my opinion, basically unsound with regards to the security levels of a forest. A forest is not to be taken lightly. It requires much research and preparation. The term 'domain' applies across the board in a forest. Moreover, a forest relies on security. The PC you start the first installation of a forest will be considered the root and will hold the high level admins such as the enterprise and schema admins. Making forest trusts (only on root domain) facilitates communications between domains and ADs that share the same SPN (service principle name) which have to be resolved at a remote location in another forest. The configuration also requires IAS, Kerberos, UPN, SPD, SID namespaces .... What am I forgetting? Thinking about configuring the root forest on the first PC makes you dizzy with abbreviations acronyms, protocols, group security, etc ... Comprehensive research and planning are crucial. Managing forests and domain is hard enough as it is. I'd say this basic principle of security properties could be considered the largest difference between a 'forest' and a 'domain'.

How do you calculate space complexity?

Calculate the amount of additional memory used by the algorithm relative to the number of its inputs. Typically the number of inputs is defined by a container object or data sequence of some type, such as an array. If the amount of memory consumed remains the same regardless of the number of inputs, then the space complexity is constant, denoted O(1) in Big-Omega notation (Big-O). If the amount of memory consumed increases linearly as n increases, then the space complexity is O(n).

For example, the algorithm that sums a data sequence has O(1) space complexity because the number of inputs does not affect the amount of additional memory consumed by the accumulator. However, the algorithm which copies a data sequence of n elements has a space complexity of O(n) because the algorithm must allocate n elements to store the copy.

Other commonly used complexities include O(n*n) to denote quadratic complexity and O(log n) to denote (binary) logarithmic complexity. Combinations of the two are also permitted, such as O(n log n).

What is hold and wait condition?

A process or thread holding a resource while waiting to get hold of another resource

Algorithm for addition of two polynomials using linked list?

Let p and q be the two polynomials represented by the linked list. 1. while p and q are not null, repeat step 2. 2. If powers of the two terms ate equal then if the terms do not cancel then insert the sum of the terms into the sum Polynomial Advance p Advance q Else if the power of the first polynomial> power of second Then insert the term from first polynomial into sum polynomial Advance p Else insert the term from second polynomial into sum polynomial Advance q 3. copy the remaining terms from the non empty polynomial into the sum polynomial.

What is big-o notation for describing time complexity of algorithm?

Big O notation allows to specify the complexity of an algorithm in a simple formula, by dismissing lower-order variables and constant factors.

For example, one might say that a sorting algorithm has O(n * lg(n)) complexity, where n is the number of items to sort.
Big O notation is used in Computer Science to describe the performance or complexity of an algorithm. Big O specifically describes the worst-case scenario, and can be used to describe the execution time required or the space used (e.g. in memory or on disk) by an algorithm.

Who is George Mealy?

George H. Mealy presented the concept of a finite-state machine that became known as the Mealy machine in a 1955 paper, "A Method for Synthesizing Sequential Circuits." This machine differs from a Moore machine in that rather than the outputs being defined by the current state, the outputs are defined by both the current state and the current inputs.

What is the sum of 20 and -4 divided by the product of 4 and -2?

The sum of 20 and -4 is +16, while the product of 4 and -2 is -8. The answer to the question is therefore -2.

What is computer awareness?

Computer Awareness is been aware of how a computer looks and functions. This doesn't mean just what programmes you can load onto a computer but also the parts that makes up a computer on the inside.


C programming is called middle level language?

Answer - why C is Middle Level LanguageC Programming language is called as Middle Level Language because

(i) it gives or behaves as High Level Language through Functions - gives a modular programming and breakup, increased efficiency for reusability

(ii)it gives access to the low level memory through Pointers. Moreover it does support the Low Level programming i.e, Assembly Language.

As its a combination of these two aspects, its neither a High Level nor a Low level language but a Middle Level Language.

Of note: C++ supports pointers and some basic assembly aspects. It is, however, high-level. C is 3rd generation, not due to pointers or functions, as most languages after the 1st generation include some implementation of these, but because it introduced the first (relatively speaking) aspects of object orientation (structs and enums). C++ carried on with this, leading to the "4th", which has become too varried to refer to as such. There is no such thing as a middle-level language. Machine code to BASIC to C to C++ and Java and such, C is definitively on the higher end of the programming specture.

What are the c-programs for file allocation techniques?

// Indexed Allocation

#include

#include

#include

struct node {

int file_name;

int data;

int is_free;

int size;

int directory;

int cnt;

struct node* link;

struct node* inner_link[30];

};

struct node* defaultFile() {

struct node* temp = (struct node*)malloc( sizeof(struct node) );

temp->link = NULL;

temp->is_free=0;

temp->data='a';

temp->file_name=99;

temp->directory = 1;

return temp;

}

struct node* insert(struct node *rt, int size, int fname) {

struct node* temp = rt;

struct node* first=NULL,*last=NULL,*tt=NULL;

int flag=0,act_size=0, inner_fname=100,cnt=0;

last=first;

act_size = size;

if ( size>temp->size ) {

printf("There is not enough space on the disk to write that file\n");

return rt;

}

while( temp->link ) {

temp = temp->link;

}

first = defaultFile();

while( act_size>0 ) {

tt = defaultFile();

if (act_size>50)

tt->size = 50;

else

tt->size = act_size;

tt->file_name = inner_fname;

first->inner_link[cnt] = tt;

tt->directory = 0;

tt->is_free = 0;

act_size -= 50;

inner_fname += 1;

cnt += 1;

}

temp->link = first;

first->is_free = 1;

first->cnt = cnt;

first->size = size;

first->file_name = fname;

act_size = rt->size;

rt->size = act_size-size;

return rt;

}

void printFiles(struct node* rt) {

struct node *temp = rt, *tt;

int first=0,cnt=0;

printf("format is (File name, size)\n");

printf("\t(%d,%d)\n",rt->file_name,rt->size);

while( temp ) {

if ( temp->is_free ) {

printf("\t(%d,%d)\n",temp->file_name,temp->size);

first = 0;

while( cntcnt ) {

tt = temp->inner_link[cnt];

printf("\t\t(%d,%d)\n",tt->file_name, tt->size);

cnt += 1;

}

printf("\n");

}

temp = temp->link;

}

}

struct node* combine(struct node *rt,int fname) {

struct node *temp=rt,*nt=NULL,*temp1=temp->link;

int size=0;

if ( rt->file_name==fname ){

printf("You cannot that file as thats just to show that that much amount of space is left in the disk\n");

return rt;

}

while( temp1 ) {

if (temp1->is_free==0 && temp1->file_name==fname ) {

size = temp1->size;

temp->link = temp1->link;

temp1 = temp->link;

}

else {

temp = temp1;

temp1 = temp1->link;

}

}

rt->size += size;

return rt;

}

struct node* deleteFiles(struct node* rt, int fname) {

struct node *temp = rt,*nt=NULL;

int flag=0;

while( temp && flag==0 ) {

if (temp->file_name==fname) {

temp->is_free=0;

flag=1;

}

temp = temp->link;

}

if( flag==0 ){

printf("There doesnt exist any file with that name\n");

}

return combine(rt,fname);

}

int main() {

int flag,no,size,data;

struct node *root;

root = defaultFile();

root->size=1000;

data=100;

flag=no=size=0;

while( flag==0 ) {

printf("Enter no's \n1.insert\n 2.Delete\n 3.Print files \n 4.Exit\n");

scanf("%d",&no);

printf(" no is %d\n",no);

switch(no) {

case 1:

printf("Enter file size\n");

scanf("%d",&size);

root = insert(root, size, data);

data = data+1;

break;

case 2:

printf("Enter file name to delete\n");

scanf("%d",&size);

root = deleteFiles(root, size);

break;

case 3:

printFiles(root);

break;

case 4:

flag=1;

printf("Quitting from loop\n");

break;

default:

printf("Enter a valud no \n");

break;

}

}

}

What is token in computer programming?

In a passage of text, individual words and punctuaton marks are called tokens.the smallest individual unit in a prog is called a token..

Which are the different tools in Adobe photoshop and how we can use it to create a design?

There are many tools you can use to create design, Type Tool to create text, Shape Tools to draw shapes, Pen Tool to draw shapes, Brush Tool to paint and they are located on left side of Screen in Toolbox.

How do you get to become a certified system administrator?

You have to pass the ADM201 exam.

This examination cost $200 and you can register through webassessor.com

Passing it though is not that easy, although all questions are covered in the help and training of Salesforce which is available free in their website, most aspirants still have to enroll a $3000 course on Administration Essentials - yet, not all of them always pass.

You have to review a lot on your own. See sources below.

Write down the algorithm to delete a node from doubly linked list whose data item is given?

1. Find the element is the list. Let pointer 'p' point to it.

2. Delete it from the list:

if (p->Prev) p->Prev->Next = p->Next;

else List->First = p->Next;

if (p->Next) p->Next->Prev = p->Prev;

else List->Last = p->Prev;

3. Release the memory associated with it.

How do you macro in pr2?

You get a screen recorder and 3 other high levels and record you simming once and it does it over and over

Algorithm to find whether a number is prime or not?

check if 2 divides the Number

check if 3 divides the Number

check if 5 divides the Number

...

check if any prime numbers less than the square root of the Number divide the Number

If any do, the Number is composite; otherwise the Number is prime.

This is called the Sieve of Erasthenes.

An easy way to check if a prime number divides the Number in base ten (if you don't have a calculator) is to add or subtract 1 or 3 times the prime number to the Number, so that the sum or difference is a multiple of ten (if the prime number isn't 2 or 5). Knock off the zero. If the prime number divides the new number, it also divides the Number; otherwise it doesn't.