Database Programming

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It is a query inside another query. Sometimes we might use one query to reduce down the amount of data to go through and then use another query based on the output of that query to get what you want. The first query is inside or nested in the first query.

SAP is a Complete Enterprise Resource Planning Package where as ABAP is the programming language used by SAP to write the code inside the SAP system.

ABAP is a programming language used for the development & customization works in SAP ERP.

On PATA cables the stripe down one side indicates which side is pin 1.

"The basic premise of this chapter is that learning is a process in which individuals actively participate. Individuals actively collect, store modify, interpret, and incorporate new information with what they already know about the world. This activity proceeds according to their goals, motives, and needs (Lachman, Lachman, & Butterfield, 1979). In this approach, known as the information processing paradigm, learning is not limited to acquisition of bits of information but also includes comprehension, or learning the gist of communication (Newell, 1990)" Citation: Mira Sotirovic and Jack M. McLeod, Knowledge as Understanding: The Information Processing Approach to Political Learning, in: Handbook of Political Communication Research

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Celcom Systems Group is a private company that specializes in information system databases. These include cellular, mobile and Internet based information systems.

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Its a file that tell you when windows has cleaned up, or fixed something. It tells you EXACTLY what commands it has performed. It is fine to delete it. (Mostly used on USB Drives)

1) Entity Integrity: In a base relation, no attribute of a primary key can be null.

2) Referential Integrity: If foreign key exists in a relation, either foreign key value must match a candidate key value of some tuple in its home relation or foreign key value must be wholly null

A couple of options are to type the data into a form or import from an external source.

Those two technologies have nothing incomon except for the fact that both address mass storages. RAID is a technology to span data over multiple disks to either gain more speed (seldom e.g. RAID0) or gain redundancy so that the system remains functional when one of the mass storages fail (e.g. RAID1 or RAID5). SAN means that there is a dedicated network instead of a local bus connecting the hostadapter to the storage. These networks use often similar protocol as on a local buses (e.g. iSCSI). Data is not aqured on a file per file base like in a server instead the host requests the specific blocks he would like to read. Advantages of a SAN may be fast switch over of mass storages from one Node to an other (storage failover if a node fails), storage sharing (one big disk [might even be a RAID system] is split up into two or more "virtual" disks which are then handeled by the respective node) or a centralized fast access for backup storages. Important thing to know is: both technologies may be (and are often) combined to get the best of both worlds.

A join is a temporary relationship that you can create between two tables in a database query that do not already have an established relationship or common field with the same fieldname or data type. Database tables that are joined in a query are related in that query only, and nowhere else. The type of join that you use indicates which records the query will select or perform the chosen actions on.

The database management system is used in different areas because of its numerous advantages. The areas of application includes airlines and railways, banking, education, telecommunications, and credit cards transactions.

The NTDS.DIT

This is the main AD database. NTDS stands for NT Directory Services. The DIT stands for Directory Information Tree. The Ntds.dit file on a particular domain controller contains all naming contexts hosted by that domain controller, including the Configuration and Schema naming contexts. A Global Catalog server stores the partial naming context replicas in the Ntds.dit right along with the full Domain naming context for its domain.

Windows 2000 Active Directory data store, the actual database file, is %SystemRoot%\ntds\NTDS.DIT. The ntds.dit file is the heart of Active Directory including user accounts. Active Directory's database engine is the Extensible Storage Engine ( ESE ) which is based on the Jet database used by Exchange 5.5 and WINS. The ESE has the capability to grow to 16 terabytes which would be large enough for 10 million objects. Back to the real world. Only the Jet database can maniuplate information within the AD datastore.

For information on domain controller configuration to optimize Active Directory, see Optimize Active Directory Disk Performance

The Active Directory ESE database, NTDS.DIT, consists of the following tables:

* Schema table

the types of objects that can be created in the Active Directory, relationships between them, and the optional and mandatory attributes on each type of object. This table is fairly static and much smaller than the data table.

* Link table

contains linked attributes, which contain values referring to other objects in the Active Directory. Take the MemberOf attribute on a user object. That attribute contains values that reference groups to which the user belongs. This is also far smaller than the data table.

* Data table

users, groups, application-specific data, and any other data stored in the Active Directory. The data table can be thought of as having rows where each row represents an instance of an object such as a user, and columns where each column represents an attribute in the schema such as GivenName.

From a different perspective, Active Directory has three types of data

* Schema information

definitional details about objects and attributes that one CAN store in the AD. Replicates to all domain controllers. Static in nature.

* Configuration information

configuration data about forest and trees. Replicates to all domain controllers. Static as your forest is.

* Domain information

object information for a domain. Replicates to all domain controllers within a domain. The object portion becomes part of Global Catalog. The attribute values (the actual bulk of data) only replicates within the domain.

Although GUIDs are unique, they are large. AD uses distinguished name tag ( DNT ). DNT is a 4-byte DWORD value which is incremented when a new object is created in the store. The DNT represents the object's database row number. It is an example of a fixed column. Each object's parent relationship is stored as a parent distinguished name tag ( PDNT ). Resolution of parent-child relationships is optimized because the DNT and PDNT are indexed fields in the database. For more technical info on the AD datastore and its organization, a good starting point is the Active Directory Database Sizing document.

The size of ntds.dit will often be different sizes across the domain controllers in a domain. Remember that Active Directory is a multi-master independent model where updates are occuring in each of the ADs with the changes being replicated over time to the other domain controllers. The changed data is replicated between domain controllers, not the database, so there is no guarantee that the files are going to be the same size across all domain controllers.

Data dictionary allow the user to split data about in multiple direction

describe five technilogy and business trends that have enchanced the role of information systems in today compettitive business environment

Different relations within the database are placed on separate disk.

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