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Database Programming

Databases are collections of tables that maintain and display information, often collaboratively; this information can be used for interaction with an application or gaining general knowledge. Questions about database engines and modifying or using them belong in this category.

8,803 Questions

What is bulk loading in a database?

Usually, that is using a "load" file to import data into a database. That can be a flat, delimited file or other formats. The type of format used depends on the database. My database has data upload batch jobs scheduled daily.

What is the Ogio woode management system?

The Woode Club Management System is a feature first used on Ogio golf bags to help keep clubs separate by organizing according to club length. One of the features of this design is "Stadium seating" whereby the shorter clubs fit in sections designed spevifically for them, to reduce the amount of banging of clubheads together, and against the shafts.

How do you answer 'What do you like best about an encoder position' in a job interview?

The fact that you're posting on here to get some ideas of why you are applying for a job that you need to "find" reasons to like, is kind of scary. If there's nothing you like about the job you shouldn't be applying for it. Life is too short to be at a job you won't enjoy. ~ T

Why it is difficult to support direct access to files with variable-length records?

For direct access with variable-length records, it's virtually impossible to access a record directly because the address of the desired record can't be easily computed. In order to access a record, the File Manager must do a sequential search through the records. The File Manager could search forward from the CBA-if the address of the desired record was between the CBA and the end of the file. Otherwise, the search would start from the beginning of the file. It could be said that this semi-sequential search is only semi-adequate

What is the difference between trackball and spaceball?

trackball
  • used in 2d graphics
  • movable device
  • movement detection is using potentiometer
  • 4 angle rotation is possible
  • not much efficient performance
space ball
  • used in 3d graphics
  • fix device
  • movement detection using strain judge
  • can move cursor at any direction
  • more efficient then trackball

How many types of database connectivity occur?

How many types of database connectivity occur? answer: well,There are several types of database 5 kinds considered to be under database types and 4 under the classification by location: n

-1 Single- user:

supports only one user at a time .

-2 desktop:

single=usere database running on a personal computer.

3-Multi-user:

supports multiple users at the same time such tat can be said as "network"where there are more than one computer at a time.

4- workgroup

Multi-user database that supports a small group of users or a single department.

5-Enterprise;

Multi-user database that supports a large group of users or an entire organization

Now is the classification by location database types:

1-centralized:

supports data located at a single site.

2-Distributed :

suporrts data distributed across several sites.

3-Transactional(or production):

supports a company's day to day operations.

4-data warehouse:

stores data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.however,often used to store historical data as well as the structure database is quite different.

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Why is it important to quantify your data?

In scientific projects, and, more specifically, in reports regarding those projects, it is important to quantify your data so that there is no subjectivity possible of the view. For example, one mile is one mile no matter what, whereas "cold" could be any amount of degrees, or "sweet taste," which, due to the difference in human taste buds, could very well taste slightly bitter to another person. Basically, it is important to quantify data to eliminate subjectivity.

How to determine an almost complete binary tree is a heap?

A binary heap is defined as follows: # It it an "almost" complete binary tree. That is, the bottom level of a heap of height h is partially filled from left to right, and may only have from 1 to 2h nodes. This may make some of the nodes at level h-1 into leaf nodes. So a binary heap of height h may have anywhere from 2h to 2h+1-1 nodes. # It satisfies the heap property. Each node has some ordered value associated with it, like a real number. The heap property asserts that a parent node must be greater than or equal to both of its children. A binary heap is easily represented using an array, let's call it A[1..length(A)]. The size of the heap will be called heap-size(A) (obviously heap-size(A) <= length(A)). We can use the first element of the array, element #1, as the root of the heap. The left child of array element i is at element 2i, and the right child is at element 2i+1. Also, the parent of an element at node i is at half of i. An element can tell whether it is a left or right child simply be checking whether it is even or odd, respectively. We define these "algorithms" for finding indices parents and children in pseudocode: Parent (i) return floor (i / 2) Left (i) return 2 * i Right (i) return 2 * i + 1 You can tell if an array element i is in the heap simply by checking whether i <= heap-size(A). Note: this scheme doesn't work in general with binary (possibly incomplete) trees, since representing leaf nodes at depths less than the height of the tree minus 1 isn't possible, and if it were, it would waste space. This representation of an almost complete binary tree is pretty efficient, since moving around the tree involves multiplying and dividing by two, operations that can be done with simple shifts in logic, and adding one, another simple instruction. Asymptotically speaking, each of the heap node access functions above consume O(1) time. ghjghjhjk hjkjk

What is econometrics?

Econometric is a mathematical and statistical tool for empirical economic analysis. An econometric model is a set of equations that depict the major relationship in the economy. It is usually used in economic analysis to illustrate cause-effect relations and to help to predict the future tendencies for key variables.

Source(S): heytutor.com/econometrics-tutor

What type of data does RAM hold?

In the broadest terms, it holds both instructions (computer programs) and user data. Programs might include the operating system, games, an antivirus and a firewall program, office programs, etc.; data might include a document you are working on, images, music, etc. In all cases, long-term storage is on a hard disk or similar device - hard disks are common in the case of personal computers. The RAM temporarily holds information that has been "loaded" or "opened".

Need of normalization?

Without normalising your data, you are effectively using an excel spreadsheet-esque design to store all of your data contiguously.

This introduces update / delete / insert user errors a critical design flaw, in that if say, an order needed an item adding / deleting / updating then all data tied to that order must be altered as well.

You will also generate a great deal of redundant data, which can consume space rapidly in a large database. In the above example you would have to repeat all the order and customer details for every item on each line over and over.

Data in a flat format will also be highly difficult to query for statistics, in part due to the layout of the data itself and in part because of user error, for example if you wanted to count the number of times your polish customer had placed an order (Mr Zbigniew Dmartchyzk), in a flat database your 100 data in-putters are probably going to fail at spelling that correctly every time, so you could end up with a hundred or so different spellings and no method of querying the data correctly.

If you start to separate the data into separate tables in any way, you have already begun the process of normalisation.

Distinguish between logical data independence and physical data independence?

logical data : refer to the immunity of the external scheme towards changes in the conceptual scheme.

physical data: refer to the immunity of the conceptual scheme towards changes in the internal scheme.

What is SQL?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a language for dealing with RDBMSs (Relational Database Management Systems).

SQL allows you to create, read, update and delete relational databases, along with tables within these databases.

How to Create Oracle directory object pointing to directory on different server?

Use NFS/CIFS/similar protocol to mount remote directory appearing as local. Then this directory appears as local to the database. This means you don't need to do anything special on the DB side. Just create the directory object as usual, the operating system is responsible for actually moving files back and forth. If you use NFS, it's best to use "hard" option to prevent strange database behaviour when remote machine becomes unresponsible.

What does the term data user mean?

A data user is someone who controls the collection, holding, processing, or the use of the data. As examples:

Collection

  1. A Census Enumerator goes into the field and asks residents a series of questions the US Census Bureau needs for population studies.
  2. A sociologist or anthropologist (any Social Sciences researcher) goes into the field to study a particular group, say 8th graders and their experiences of bullying.
  3. A computer company wants to know who uses their website, which pages they visit, what they buy, and also links a survey to some webpages.

Holding

  1. The US Census Bureau collects the forms of census questions that residents filled out.
  2. The 'social science researcher' is often doing the study on behalf of an institution or company. For example, Masters and Ph.D. candidates must do a research study to fulfill the requirements of a degree. A pharmaceutical company hires scientists to study the side effects of a particular drug.
  3. The computer company collects the data they need through use of cookies, web page analytics, and survey forms.

Processing

  • Data may be processed and studied
  1. quantitatively - meaning simply counting the numbers, like 100 people visited x webpage showing sweaters; only 1 person bought a sweater. Census data is typically all quantitative data.
  2. qualitatively - this is a specific type of studying data that isn't about numbers, but about people and their stories. For example, a sociologist may ask questions about bullying to answer "What do 8th grade students do when bullied".
  3. Or Mixed research, which uses Numbers and Stories.

Use of Data

  • Use of data may be restricted, especially to protect privacy. For example, the public does not see census data for 70 years. However, during that time, many researchers and social scientists work with that data, compiling it into meaningful units of information.
  • Data by itself or numbers by themselves offer little meaning without contexts. We want to know what people are doing, for example, census might show a city has 3% less population than 10 years ago. We want to know why people do what they do. We want to know what others do that impact people, and what factors make people do what they do.
  • For social change, researchers might want to apply a study's data to creating a theory that applies to many or most people. For example, The Stages of Death and Dying originated from a study of people who lost a loved one; the data was then generalized to 'most people' and how humans react to death.
  • Data should always have a purpose; if not, why collect it.

To bring this down to an everyday experience, let's talk about a 10th grade student assigned to write a 15 page term paper on the fall of the Berlin Wall. The student:

  1. Reads and Collects "data" from books, journal articles, and popular magazines. He might copy short quotes from these authors. He writes notes on index cards. When he is finished with his "research", he has 35 index cards and 12 notebook pages written with pieces of "data".
  2. Because the student has a term paper due, she "holds" or holds onto this data she collected. She might throw it all away in 6 months, but for now, she is "holding" a select set of "data".
  3. The student must now "do something" with the data collected. This is called processing. During processing, we review each piece of "data". For example, "This author argued that the Berlin Wall was a peacekeeping tactic." Another author said, "The Berlin Wall robbed people of their freedom." These are 2 pieces of "data". Processing involves thinking about how our data fits together. Then, we must think about how we think about the data. For example, even before data collection, a student believed the Berlin Wall interfered with individual freedoms. She found 2 author quotes that say this; and 2 authors disagreed. How will she include both "sides" in her term paper is part of processing the data.
  4. Lastly, every researcher -- even a 10th grade student -- makes detailed decisions about how the data will be used. Let's say the student read 3 books, 24 articles, and 2 popular magazines. He realizes he can't include all the data. He picks 2 books, 2 articles, and both popular magazines that both support and oppose his thesis. He decides how he will write about (use) the data. Who's voice comes first; which "side" takes prominence; how will he show opposing data. "Use of data" in the real world is both short and long term. A HS student can throw away her data after she writes the paper. However, professional research may go on in longitudinal studies over many decades, so protecting the data as it is being used is even more important.