Electrical Engineering

POWERTRAIN CONTROL MODULE .. INSTRUMENT CLUSTER..PASSENGER COMPARTMENT FUSE BOX

paper capacitor

Water could provide a path to ground for current. This path may be fairly high impedance; high enough that a standard breaker protecting the device would not operate. A ground fault interruptor is used to sense a "loss of current" to ground between the source and its' return. this can be much more sensitive compared to a typical overload breaker, and so provides better protection for this type of situation.

V=IR

R changes as a result of the change in temperature.

Broadly, diodes can be used for rectification, clamping, voltage drop, and gating.

As a rectifier, the diode is used to convert an AC voltage (often from a transformer) to a DC voltage.

In the simplest design, the half-wave rectifier, the diode is connected between the AC voltage and the DC voltage, and capacitors are connected across the DC voltage output.

The AC voltage is a sine wave that goes both positive and negative. At the brief times that the AC voltage is higher than the DC output voltage, the diode conducts, like a closed switch, and transfers energy to the capacitor(s). At other times, the diode is reverse-biased (its anode voltage is lower than its cathode voltage) and it behaves like an open switch. The capacitor(s) act as a reservoir to provide a (relatively) steady DC voltage.

Rectification is used in switching power supplies. A high-frequency AC voltage is fed into a compact transformer, which provides the electrical isolation required in the power supply, and the transformer's output is rectified as described above, except that the frequency of the AC voltage is typically 50,000 to 100,000 Hz, rather than 60 Hz. This requires high-speed, high-current diodes.

In clamping, the diode is connected so that it will conduct (i.e. its anode will be more positive than its cathode) at times when energy needs to be dissipated, as is often required with inductive loads. When the current flow to the inductor is interrupted, the inductor can generate very large voltage spikes (back EMF), which should be clamped. Usually the diode dumps energy from these spikes into a "soft" load made from resistors and capacitors. Most of the energy is dissipated in the resistors in the soft load.

A diode can be used to provide a relatively steady voltage drop of between 0.6 and 1.2 volts (depending on the diode type and the current) when a steady current is passed through it. The anode is more positive than the cathode. This can be useful in the design of various types of electronic circuits. The voltage drop is temperature-dependent - higher temperature causes lower voltage drop, so this can be used for temperature compensation of another part of a circuit.

The simplest example of gating using diodes is the diode "OR" gate. Two diodes are connected with their cathodes together; this is the output of the gate. The two anodes are inputs to the gate. When positive DC voltage is present at either input, the respective diode will conduct and feed that voltage through to the output. This can be used to "gate" multiple supply sources (e.g. an adapter supply and a backup battery) together, or at lower currents in control circuitry.

A generator excites it self due to a high power thyristors feeding to a rotor through slip rings. Once excited it lessons maintenance and operational requirements.

As magnetic field of dc motor is constant. Whenever a current is given to rotor winding there will be a magnetic flux in air gap between rotor and winding so there will be torque in rotor of f=ibl.

so due to this torque rotor get rotate and get started.

The MCT2E opto coupler is basically a communication protection scheme. The opto coupler provides the galvanic isolation between the sending and the receiving side.

The big yellow "D" is the logo for Square-D, a manufacturer of circuit breakers.

Yes, but the 9V can't deliver as much current as the AA can. Internally a standard 9V contains 6 AAAA batteries. It would be best to use all AAAA cells or all AA cells, depending on current requirement of the load.

To start, while integrated circuits are smaller and usually require less power to operate, they are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to modify or repair. They almost always have to be replaced, and if the IC or "chip" is a proprietary chip, then the entire unit may have to be replaced. The IC is also more susceptable to electric damage from a power surge than its beefier component cousins. IC's have the advantage in weight, size and power consumption, giving IC's the nod on portability. They are also less prone to damage from physical jarring -- known as "solid state." When would you use non-IC components? High voltage applications certainly! Also, most musicians prefer the sound quality of tube amplifiers over transistor amps. Prior to the widespread adoption of integrated circuits, electronic systems consisted of components, such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and resistors, wired together on a board. This was labour-intensive and therfore expensive, as well as contributing to electronic faults when the process worker installed the wrong component, or allowed components to touch. Integrated circuits eliminated all that, because they can be consistently mass produced to very high quality standards. One disadvantage of integrated circuits is that they can be unsuitable for custom designed equipment, because high volumes are needed in order to justify the design and tooling costs. One way of creating some flexibility is to use a hybrid design - with key components in the IC, with some components left outside the IC to provide flexibility in component values. Another disadvantage of integrated circuits is that design corrections and incremental design improvements are not readily made. If a design error is found in a traditional circuit, it is relatively easy to modify each system to fix the problem, even under warranty. A potential disadvantage of integrated circuits is the cost of replacing an IC that has failed. However, this is a more apparent than real problem, because labour is usually the main cost of repairs. While the cost of buying a new component may be higher, the labour cost of diagnosing and replacing it is usually lower.

The word "genset" comes from generator set. It consists of an engine that powers an aggregate. These can be used for emergency power, for example in hospitals or data centres, or they can be used as alternative power supply, for example in a place that has not yet been connected to the electrical grid.

Because the potentiometer has a linear curve for resistance. This won't be true for non-linear potentiometers, such as in a volume control application, which needs to be logarithmic.

p0023 camshaft position actuator b-bank2 circuit malfunction this is the response per my autoxray 2500 scanner

An easy question for me. However you should have read MEMS (Micro electromechanical system) to know about nano electro mechanical system.. The concept lies similar to mems wherein one uses mechanical and electrical properties of matter to aid in technological advancements at the microscale ie at 10^-6 m ...

NEMS goes further down the scale at 10^-9 m ..

1. construction is very simple.

2. cost of the transducer is low.

3. Has very high sensitivity.

The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the ratio of voltage to current of the propagating electrical wave. The line input impedance is the result of the superposition of forward and reverse, or reflected waves when the terminating impedance is not adapted. If the line is infinite, nothing returns from its end and only the forward wave exits. The voltage to current ratio is then the line characteristic impedance. Remark that the same occurs when the line is terminated by its characteristic impedance, the forward wave finds a perfect continuity to the load and no energy is reflected back to the line. A matched line is like an infinite line when looked from the input terminals. Long real lossy lines also act as infinite lines for the energy of the reflected wave is dissipated along the line before reaching the source.

Assuming your reference to "earthing" is grounding (Grounding Electrode Conductor), a pipe is, as it sounds, a pipe (i.e. water pipe). A plate would be, as it sounds, a square (or rectangular) copper plate which would be buried in the ground.

Ultrasonic sound is of a frequency that is above our hearing (>20kHz).

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The question asks for applications.

They are numerous but include cleaning (by cavitation in a liquid in which the work-piece is suspended), certain types of welding / soldering, crack detection in welds, encouraging certain chemical or physical reactions...

Medically, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging such as of the foetus, and the destruction of "stones".

RMS value is defined as "The amount of ac supply required to make same heat effect in resistor , which is made by dc current, in that resistor"

An ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit.

The answer below this is not correct, a transformer can only be used on AC not DC. So the statement, "A transformer is a device used to increase or decrease DC voltage" is false

The above comment relates to an entry which was obviously deleted.

However, the above comment is also false. The ignition coil in of a petrol engine is a transformer, a pulse transformer. It's d.c. which passes through the primary, not a.c.

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A: this is a passive component as opposed to a device that is active answer is yes it does that but more importantly it isolates and match in/out impedance's