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Electronics Engineering

Electronics Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with practical applications of electronic components, devices, systems, or equipment. Electronics are devices that operate on low voltage sources, as in electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and printed circuit boards and use electricity as part of its driving force.

24,372 Questions

Why an IC is not working?

This question would be easier to answer if the type of IC was specified.

But generally, there are 3 reasons an IC will not work:

1. It is broken. If a large voltage or shock has been applied to it, or the power hooked up to it in reverse, an IC will usually burn out. This may or may not be accompanied with the release of the Magic Blue Smoke. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_smoke)
2. Your power supply is dead or not outputting enough voltage. If the voltage supplied is too low for the IC to use, it may not function properly or at all. Check the power supply.
3. The circuit the IC is in is broken. Check all the wires/solder points. Test the IC in a known working circuit.

What is an analog signal and a digital signal?

An analog signal is one which is continuous in time as well as continuous in amplitude . Example : sine wave, cosine wave. An Digital signal is one which is continuous in discrete in time. Example : square waves.

What is the effect of internal resistance of the source to its output voltage?

(a) It reduces the amount of current.

(b) Any current that does pass the resistor will lose some power; this lost power is converted to heat in the resistance.

Answer

Internal resistance acts to reduce the terminal voltage of the voltage source when it supplies a load. This is due to the internal voltage drop caused when the load current passes through the internal resistance of that source. The greater the load, the lower the resulting teminal voltage.

By definition, a voltage source's electromotive force is equal to the sum of the voltage drops, including the internal voltage drop, of the circuit supplied.

How do you differentiate between Harvard and Von Neumann architecture?

There are basically two types of digital computer architectures. The first one is called Von Neumann architecture and later Harvard architecture was adopted for designing digital computers.

Von Neumann Architecture:

  • It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John Von Neumann.
  • The computer has single storage system(memory) for storing data as well as program to be executed.
  • Processor needs two clock cycles to complete an instruction.Pipelining the instructions is not possible with this architecture.
  • In the first clock cycle the processor gets the instruction from memory and decodes it. In the next clock cycle the required data is taken from memory. For each instruction this cycle repeats and hence needs two cycles to complete an instruction.
  • This is a relatively older architecture and was replaced by Harvard architecture.

Harvard Architecture:

  • The name is originated from "Harvard Mark I" a relay based old computer.
  • The computer has two separate memories for storing data and program.
  • Processor can complete an instruction in one cycle if appropriate pipelining strategies are implemented.
  • In the first stage of pipeline the instruction to be executed can be taken from program memory.In the second stage of pipeline data is taken from the data memory using the decoded instruction or address.
  • Most of the modern computing architectures are based on Harvard architecture.But the number of stages in the pipeline varies from system to system.
These are the basic differences between the two architectures.A more comprehensive list can be found here with respect to ARM class of processors.

What is a micro controler unit MCU?

Answerit is a computer on a chip

the basic difference between microprocessors &controllers is that processors consist of three parts ALU ,CONTROL UNIT ,REGISTERS

controllers consist of additional elements likeRAM,ROM

Answerit is a computer on a chip

the basic difference between microprocessors &controllers is that processors consist of three parts ALU ,CONTROL UNIT ,REGISTERS

controllers consist of additional elements likeRAM,ROM

Do LED lights have plasma?

Plasma is a state of matter in the same way that solids, liquids and gases are also states of matter. Plasma is found in fluorescent light bulbs and is used to generate images in a plasma television. So, a television has the same kind of plasma as a light bulb but applied in different ways.

How do you test a capacitor only by using a multimeter and two leads?

You can test a capacitor using a multimeter and two leads by placing the multimeter in ohms mode. It works best with a needle type meter, not a digital meter.

Connect the leads to the capacitor and you will notice that the resistance pulses down, and then settles out at infinity. Reverse the leads, and you will notice the same effect, except that the pulse will be larger because the capacitor got charged in the opposite direction. Go back and forth.

This won't be apparent for very small capacitors because the pulse is too short.

Also, for electrolytic capacitors, they should only be charged in one direction, so you should start by discharging the capacitor and then connecting it in only one direction. Do not reverse the leads in this case. Just discharge and try again to see the effect.

Try this for various capacitors. You will notice that the pulse duration is larger for larger capacitance.

How do you test a microstrip antenna?

A micro-strip antenna works on the principle of resonant cavity (short circuit walls on top and bottom, open circuit walls on the sides).

A resonant cavity stores energy unlike transmission lines or wave guide which transmits electromagnetic energy from one part to another. A R.C is equivalent to LC device at low frequencies.

What would happen to the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor if one of the plates area is increased?

If the area of one plate of a parallel plate capacitor is increased while keeping the separation between the plates constant, the capacitance of the capacitor will increase. Capacitance is directly proportional to the area of the plates, as described by the formula ( C = \frac{\varepsilon A}{d} ), where ( C ) is capacitance, ( \varepsilon ) is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates, ( A ) is the area of the plates, and ( d ) is the separation distance. Thus, a larger plate area allows for greater charge storage, resulting in higher capacitance.

What is a vee used for on the Vee Block?

Vee clock is a kind of equipment used to hold circular workpieces. By clamping the the workpiece on it we can finder centre of the workpiece very easily as jt has a right angle slot in it. It can be also used for check the roundness of a circular job using a dial indicator.

How can i build an Egg Drop involving Only Toothpicks and Glue and without breaking the egg?

You can glue toothpicks in layers around the egg then make a container for the egg to go in.Also, you can put super glue around the egg.I think if you did this your egg would withstand the fall.

What is the differences between electronic and digital textbooks?

eBooks are still "published" by publishing companies; while electronic references are just things like online encyclopedias.

Can we use big capacitor in place of a small one?

For physical size-yes, if voltage rating is the same or more.

For capacitance size-it depends on where the cap is used. In an audio circuit, it may affect frequency response or distortion.

What are the frequency limitations for transistor FET's and BJT's?

As with any solid state device the ratings vary greatly depending on the manufacture. For exact statistic consult the component manufacturer.

For FET:

A gate length of 1µm limits the upper frequency to about 5 GHz, 0.2µm to about 30 GHz.

For BJT:

??? could not find a general limit

Voltmeter is connected in parallel with resistor?

A voltmeter can be connected in parallel with a resistor to show the voltage across the resistor.

How do you change the voltage in the circuit?

If the total amount of energy (work done) is to remain the same, an increase in voltage yields a decrease in current.

P=I X E, where:

P is the power used by the load (the amount of work done) measured in watts

I is the current measured in amps

E is the EMF or voltage measured in volts

So, if we have a 1000W motor, we need to feed it with 8.3 A within a 120V circuit:

(1000W) = (8.3A) X (120V)

If we install the motor within a 240V circuit (assuming the motor is capable) the current is halved:

(1000W) = (4.17A) X (240V)

Bear in mind this doesn't allow for any of the inevitable losses that occur anytime we use or transmit power.

Why do you use a delayed AGC?

The disadvantage of automatic gain control, attenuating even the weak signal, is overcome by the use of delayed automatic gain control (dagc).

Can you use a 9.6 volt charger to charge a 7.2 volt battery pack?

Check the internet to see if your charger will automatically step down to 7.2V (not likely if the charger is not the same brand as the battery). If it does not step down then it is possible but *** not recommended ***. Overvolting can cause nasty caustic leaking of toxic chemicals from the battery.

Why is it necessary to convert AC to DC?

There is no way to store AC voltages as such. A battery is a storage device so AC is converted to DC for storage. When AC fails the stored DC voltage is then changed back to AC through a device called an inverter. The inverter outputs a square waveform instead of a sinusoid waveform but most loads, such as a computer power supply that is connected to the UPS, can not tell the difference.

Why zener diode acts as a reference element in the voltage regulator circuit?

It has a very sharp reverse breakdown voltage curve and is not damaged by the reverse current, as some normal diodes might be.

Why a transistor is called with BC547?

A small signal NPN transistor used for general purpose audio amplifiers and switching.

Components for making a simple rain alarm?

Try a pair of 2n1613 NPN transistors arranged as a darlington pair, collectors common, and Q1e tied to Q2b. input is on Q1b, output from + to the collectors. Ckt has hi input Z, and the slight conductive nature of rain water from + to Q1base will forward bias the switch.

Lo tech- a bargan basement smoke alarm- bridge the test contacts with a wet finger and it should go off. If that works, just solder wires and run them outside close together on a board to detect rain.

Does England use ac or dc for power outlets?

Like most other countries, you will find that in England we use voltages ranging from almost zero to a few tens of kV, depending on the application. ;)

However, assuming you mean the voltage supplied by 3-pin 13A mains sockets (type G) then from 1 January 2004 the mains supply should be 230V (-6%, +10%), 50 Hz (±1%). ie a range of 216.2 - 253V. This replaced the UK's former specification which was 240V ±6% (ie a range of 225.6 - 254.4V). Some "shaver sockets", similar to round 2-pin sockets (type C) found in mainland Europe, will supply 110 V, but be careful since they often have a dual mode 110V/240V.