Electronics Engineering

inductive load does not allow the current to become zero eve though the supply source get removed . inductive load reduce the power factor . they does not allow sudden change in current in the load ...

All or almost all materials affect wireless signals.

Yes they can, since anyone who puts in the effort can become a skillful computer hacker. However, electronic engineering skills won't help that much since most computer hacking is software related. Electronic engineering relates more to hardware.

Yes they are the same. A cathode ray tube (CRT) uses an electron gun to "shoot" electrons from the cathode to specific positions on the anode of the CRT.

ANSWER I assume you mean polling, where a master device requests the status of a slave device. Another option for a design would be to have the slave device alert the master device when its status has changed. In either case, the master device can then act on the slave's status change. For example, if a computer polls its keyboard, it reads the status at an interval that allows it to detect a keypress. For the other approach, the keyboard has a controller that samples the keyboard (usually much more frequently than the master computer would be polling) and transmits a key code to the main computer.

Current stops going into a capacitor when it's voltage is equal to the supply voltage. From then there is no flow of current, so there is no magnetic field. Yet the capacitor remains charged and has energy to release if required.

A transistor can be in three conditions or states. It can be active (at a voltage higher than the emitter), in saturation or cut off (no current).

i know your reading this Will.........ha ha ha jog on!

Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. However the degree of conductivity varies with each type of metal.

A circuit breaker when energized will latch and stay in that position until the load is reduced and manually reset. a relay will change state continuously if the source continuously changes

Ohms, resistance in an inductor increases as the frequency of the AC signal increases, this "artificial resistance" is called impedence, and it is measured in ohms

Well first of all use the red and the black to connecty to the battery and then get a motion toy get the wires from there take out black and red then add your own plug it in where the origanals wore hopok up a larger battery or power source and walla technically a supe inovention! This is one of the smallest and simplest autonomous ones I have found yet, thanks to FriPilot http://members.tripod.com/robomaniac_2001/id120.htm Otherwise, I have had pretty good luck with buying small remote control cars at the dollar store (or the stuff my nephews throw away) and taking them apart to reconfigure the motors into what I want, but that ends up with wires connecting the robot to the controller. Some of the people I work with have pieced together radio control cars and other parts to get radio control robots. If you prefer robot kits, some hobby stores sell a few inexpensive ones that are sometimes configurable like these http://www.kitsusa.net/phpstore/html/Robot-Kits---Non-Soldering-1-1.html Otherwise some of the less expensive construction kits like Lego or K-NEX or Construx or a few others have motors and gears in the kits. If you have a larger budget, Lego Mindstorms, Bioloid and several others are more advanced kits that are programmable and autonomous. Some important terms to keep in mind are: operator controlled - the robot has motors in it, maybe some electronics, it doesn't move until you push a button or lever on the controller. remote control - usually connects the robot to the controller by a wire, you can usually keep the batteries in the controller to make the robot lighter. radio control - the controller is a transmitter, the robot has a receiver on it, both need batteries or some other power suppy. autonomous - you set up the robot and hardwire it or program it to run sets of commands, when you set it down and turn it on it runs the commands. Usually requires programming knowledge (like BASIC, C language, Assembly, ForTran, COBOL or some others) and electronics knowledge (like soldering, power supply vs. load, Programmable Logic Arrays, Trans/ceivers, sensors, and many other options). But of course it is the most fun. sensory feedback - the robot can have switches, sensors or detectors on it that send information back to the controller (or its processor if it is autonomous). Might require a transmitter on the robot and a receiver in the controller (with some indicators to tell you what the robot is "sensing"). Anthropomorphism - "the attribution of uniquely human characteristics to non-human" things and critters. There is a ton of things that can go together to make a robot. If you learn how to fix toys, appliances and cars it definitely helps you figure out robots.

VTVM stands for vaccuum tube volt meter.These were very widely in use in the 1970s to measure voltages.They were sensitive as they placed very little load on the circuit being measured .

No, but it may be the other way around. Since you're using a 2 ohm speaker, don't expect the volume to be louder since the speaker uses twice as much power than a 4 ohm speaker does. If anything, I'd be cautious about the amp having the ability to handle the extra load. It's a myth. There is really no 4 Ohm amplifier on the market. And there never was. The amplifier will have an output impedance of around 0.04 ohms. In hi-fi we have always impedance bridging. Zout << Zin. That means the output impedance of the amplifier is much less than the input impedance of the loud speaker. The damping factor Df = Zin / Zout tells you what Zout is. Zout = Zin/Df. If the damping factor Df = 200 and the loudspeaker impedance is Zin = 4 ohms, the output impedance of the amplifier is Zout = 4 / 200 = 0.02 ohms. You see, there is no "4 ohm amplifier" on the market with a 4 ohm output impedance. Scroll down to related links and look at "Voltage Bridging or impedance bridging - Zout < Zin".

The oscillation of a spring is the motion that the spring makes when disturbed. Imagine holding the end of a spring and hanging a weight to the other end. If you do not disturb the weight, it will stay in a static position. However, when you pull down on the weight and let go, the spring "oscillates" up and down. The spring could also be compressed and released, creating the same effect. The up and down motion, which has a specific velocity and period relating to the spring constant k, is oscillation.

The paraolic antenna has a high degree of "directivity" compared to many other antennas. That gives these puppies big gain. But they need to be pointed in the "right" direction to work well. This antenna design is used in many radar (and other microwave) applications, as well as in satellite communication. And is has a home with radio astronomers, too, but they're usually listening instead of transmitting. It has a parabolic reflector, and some kind of support for the feedhorn, sub-reflector or whatever is at the focus. We're talking about a transmission antenna here, so there will be some kind of feed assembly to put the signal onto the parabolic reflector to "send out" or transmit that signal. How do we test it? It's so simple that you're not gonna believe it. The reflector can be modified a bit to "broaden" the primary lobe of the radiated signal either horizontally or vertically. But let's work with a simple parabolic reflector. Imagine a parabolic antenna that is fixed so it's stationary. Let's look at which way the signal goes. There are two variables to assess when plotting the radiated pattern, and they are usually referenced to the "direction" or "directivity" of the antenna, or the direction of what might be termed the primary lobe or beam of the radiation. Put another way, there is one direction that is the "center of the beam" for this antenna, and once we establish this line, we reference to it. Something is either left or right of the line by "x" number of degrees, or something is above or below the line by "y" degrees. You gonna put this up on a pole and walk around measuring radiated power at different points left or right of, or above or below the beam? Remember I said this was ease? Put the antenna on a stand and make it point horizontally. Make that stand like a heavy duty lazy susan so the whole thing rotates. Hook up a signal generator to it, and put in the desired operating frequency. (The signal generator won't be generating high power, and that's okay. A milliwatt isn't even necessary for the test.) We're now ready to transmit, and that's our test antenna setup. Step off a hundred meters (or whatever) and set up a receiving antenna (pointed at the antenna under test and at the same level). Hook up a receiver to the receiving antenna so that signal strength can be measured. Turn on your equipment and rotate the turntable slowly. As the turntable rotates, it causes the antenna being tested to "sweep" the horizon with its little output signal. As it moves around, the receiver will be getting more and more and more signal, or less and less and less signal, depending on whether the test antenns is sweeping toward or away from the receiver. With a computer hooked up to the receiver (via a handy IEEE bus) and doing some recording, a relative signal strength can be plotted. Presto! You've got a 360o plot of the relative output signal strength. All you have to do is raise you receiving antenna a touch, and then point it down a tiny bit so it's aimed directly at the test antenna. Then turn the test antenna and record for another 360o view at a bit high of beam center. Keep moving up the receiving antenna in steps, realigning it, and testing a circle. Do this for a bunch of vertical levels above beam center. Then come back and do it again for a bunch of levels below beam center. You're done! The trick is to set up the test antenna on a turntable and point it flat out and level with the horizon, and then to begin with a receiving antenna level with and pointed directly at the test antenna. The turntable does most of the work, and it makes it easy. The work is in raising or lowering the receiving antenna in calculated steps and realigning it at each step to point it directly at the test antenna. By the time the test crew get finished, the computer can plot a nice 3D chart (in the form of a thick cylinder with the test antenna at the center that will demonstrate the performance of that test antenna. Piece of cake. The paraolic antenna has a high degree of "direcitivity" compared to many other antennas. That gives these puppies big gain. This antenna design is used in many radar and in satellite communication applications, as well as having a home with radio astronomers. It has a parabolic reflector, and some kind of support for the feedhorn, sub-reflector or whatever is at the focus. We're talking about a transmission antenna here, there will be some kind of feed assembly to put the signal onto the parabolic reflector to "send out" or transmit the signal. How do we test it? It's so simple that you're not gonna believe it. The reflector can be modified a bit to "broaden" the primary lobe of the radiated signal either horizontally or vertically. But let's work with a simple parabolic reflector. Imagine a parabolic antenna that is fixed so it's stationary. Let's look at which way the signal goes. There are two variables to assess when plotting the radiated pattern, and they are usually referenced to the "direction" or "directivity" of the antenna, or the direction of what might be termed the primary lobe of the radiation. Put another way, there is one direction that is the "center of the beam" for this antenna, and once we establish this line, we reference to it. Something is either left or right of the line by "x" number of degrees, or something is above or below the line by "y" degrees. You gonna put this up on a pole and walk around measuring radiated power at different points left or right of, or above or below the beam? Remember I said this was ease? Put the antenna on a stand and make it point horizontally. Make that stand like a heavy duty lazy susan so the whole thing rotates. Hook up a signal generator to it, and put in the desired operating frequency. (The signal generator won't be generating high power, and that's okay. A milliwatt isn't even necessary for the test.) We're now ready to transmit, and that's our test antenna setup. Step off a hundred meters (or whatever) and set up a receiving antenna (pointed at the antenna under test and at the same level). Hook up a receiver to the receiving antenna so that signal strength can be measured. Turn on your equipment and rotate the turntable slowly. As the turntable rotates, it causes the antenna being tested to "sweep" the horizon with its little output signal. As it moves around, the receiver will be getting more and more and more signal, or less and less and less signal, depending on whether the test antenns is sweeping toward or away from the receiver. With a computer hooked up to the receiver (via a handy IEEE bus) and doing some recording, a relative signal strength can be plotted. Presto! You've got a 360o plot of the relative output signal strength. All you have to do is raise you receiving antenna a touch, and then point it down a tiny bit so it's aimed directly at the test antenna. Then turn the test antenna and record for another 360o view at a bit high of beam center. Keep moving up the receiving antenna in steps, realigning it, and testing a circle. Do this for a bunch of vertical levels above beam center. Then come back and do it again for a bunch of levels below beam center. You're done! The trick is to set up the test antenna on a turntable and point it flat out and level with the horizon, and then to begin with a receiving antenna level with and pointed directly at the test antenna. The turntable does most of the work, and it makes it easy. The work is in raising or lowering the receiving antenna in calculated steps and realigning it at each step to point it directly at the test antenna. By the time the test crew get finished, the computer can plot a nice 3D chart (in the form of a thick cylinder with the test antenna at the center that will demonstrate the performance of that test antenna. The output pattern should look like a long, skinny teardrop. Piece of cake.

The "RS" in RS flip flop stands for "Reset-Set". The RS flip flop has a Reset and a Set input. You can reset or set the flip flop as desired. Output state will be held based on whichever input was last asserted.

Hello

The difference between an active low and an active high SR flip-flop is that with the active low SR flip-flop, the system is activated when the inputs to system are zeros while with the active high SR flip-flop, the system is activated when the inputs to the system are ones.

Seperation of atomic structures including but not limited to non biological elements such as stone, rock, even water. It induces a weird sort of decay which literally rearranges atoms at times to form something completely different... different atoms, different structures and different material. In short, everything or any thing melts, moves or explodes at room temperature or at widely various temperatures and pressures. Interesting as it can be,although it is a form of sound, it reacts to other elements as vibrations like heat without being hot. Even better, add magnetism and/or eletricity and you will get a completely different reaction such as levetation, erratic movements and even swift-vertical alignment or stationary rotation of certain materials. Like a phenomenon this is a freak of nature which contradicts most theories. It also can promote, prompt, and sustain an unknown form of self healing within the human body, "regeneration" where damaged cells are some how replaced, not repaired, replaced. Multiple fractal nonlinear resonance devices and frequencies can be applied in multiple directions and yet again, you will get a completely different result. These results are complex and vary greatly depending upon all applied forces such as the number of devices, number of personel present, direction of each device, moisture/ humidity, atmospheric pressure, any additional sounds/pressure waves including speech and independent/external sources such as traffic, amplification vs. de-amplification, state of matter, amount of matter and even the presence and position of what I thought were non relevant items/material that were not a direct target. It is astonishing yet a beautiful reality.

43 Volts.

resistors

the rocket speed required to escape out of the earth's gravity is known as escape velocity which is numerically equal to 11.2 km per sec.

If you know the base of the transistor, and you have an ohmmeter that puts out more than about 0.7 volts, you can check base to emitter or base to collector as if it were a diode, and it will conduct when the more positive lead of the ohmmeter is connected to the P junction. That will tell you if the transistor is NPN or PNP. If you don't know the base, you can check all six directions. Only two should conduct, the two that are forward biased towards the base.