Fuel and Engines

The piston in a petrol engine moves up and down within a cylinder, converting the pressure generated by burning fuel into mechanical energy. As the piston moves, it transfers this energy to the crankshaft, which in turn drives the vehicle's wheels.

It's not. Torque vs. HP on an engine can be very difficult concept to grasp You must consider 'net' and 'gross' On a graph with engine rpm on bottom and HP on side, the HP will be an almost straight diagonal line going up, to a certain point then level off or even drop slightly. That is your "power band" Torque will be a closer to a flat line, with a rise, but not in direct proportion with HP. As the above says, cars and big-rigs are designed for the most torque, which is the measurement of rotational force, by cam lobes and valve open duration at optimal HP.

A Chevy 305 engine bored .040 over would typically be referred to as having a +.040 bore, indicating the increase in bore diameter from the standard size. This modification can increase the engine's displacement and potentially enhance its performance.

The pressure in a petrol engine cylinder can vary depending on the engine design, operating conditions, and performance parameters. Generally, during the compression stroke, the pressure can reach around 150-200 psi (pounds per square inch) before ignition, and peak pressures of 600-900 psi can be achieved during combustion.

The measure of speed in an engine is typically given in revolutions per minute (RPM). This indicates how many times the engine's crankshaft rotates within a minute. RPM is a key factor in determining the performance and power output of an engine.

It maybe illegal to use on public roads since the diesel tax has not been paid. Depending on the cetane value of the jet fuel and the temperature of the engine it might be necessary to add a cetane booster to the jet fuel(commonly sold). A lubricating oil might need to be added to to keep injectors happy.

The same color as the writing from a pencil, very dark grey or black. Pencils used to be made of graphite

White smoke and a sudden misfire can be a sign of coolant leaking into the combustion chamber, potentially due to a blown head gasket. This can cause the engine to misfire as the coolant disrupts the fuel combustion process. It is important to address this issue promptly to prevent further damage to the engine.

Yes, altitude can affect horsepower. As altitude increases, the air density decreases, which can result in reduced engine performance due to less oxygen available for combustion. This can lead to lower horsepower output at higher altitudes compared to lower altitudes.

Using a lower octane fuel like 91 in a car designed for 95 can potentially cause knocking or pinging in the engine. This can lead to engine damage over time. It's best to use the recommended fuel to ensure optimal performance and prevent any issues.

You can find a map of gas stations between Johannesburg and Durban on various online mapping services like Google Maps or Waze. Simply input your starting point (Johannesburg) and destination (Durban), then search for gas stations along the route to plan your journey accordingly.

Upon a man's death, he goes to the grave and does not have consciousness. If he has accepted Christ, he will be raised from the dead when Christ returns. Because there is no awareness of the passage of time in the grave, for the believer, the moment of his death becomes the moment of the return of Christ.

Psalms 115:17 "The dead praise not the Lord, neither any that go down into silence."

Psalms 146:4 "His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish."

Psalms 6:5 "For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks?"

Ecclesiastes 9:10 "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest."

I Thessalonians 4:16,17 "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord."

Graphite is mainly composed of carbon. Carbon makes up most of the molecular structures in our cells, so it won't do much harm if any. Graphite is mainly used In pencil lead, although there is actually no lead in it, we just call it that.

Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon that is a soft grayish-black mineral used in pencils because of its ability to leave marks on paper. It is also used as a lubricant and in various other industrial applications.

The shape of the piston head can affect engine performance by influencing airflow turbulence, combustion efficiency, and heat dissipation. Factors such as the dome shape, valve reliefs, and overall design can impact compression ratios, power output, and fuel efficiency. A well-designed piston head can optimize combustion and help achieve better engine performance.

The cetane number is determined through a standardized test method called the cetane number test. This test measures the ignition quality of diesel fuel by comparing the ignition delay time of the diesel fuel being tested to that of a reference fuel (typically cetane). The higher the cetane number, the better the ignition quality of the diesel fuel.

I think it falls under Petroleum - N.O.S. (not otherwise specified), UN 1268 See http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/dangerous-goods07.pdf Dangerous Goods Emergency Action Code List 2007 This lists UN Numbers for dangerous goods, although it is a UK document.

I also asked the same question but could not find satisfactory answer, so I decided to try smacking this myself. Note that this discussion is limited to petrol engines. This may be a bit long but here it goes.

It's a bit theoretical but it is important to know "the basics" prior to further discussion. "Torque" is actually the amount of "work" done (in Newton.meter or Joule). It is a function of how much Newton of "force" being exerted on the engine's piston during expansion in "combustion stroke". If you refer to Otto / Diesel Cycle Temperature-Entropy (T-s) diagram, engine output can be increased at higher pressure ratio (volumetric energy from air density) or higher firing temperature (thermal energy by adding more fuel). So, more air + more fuel = more power..

What is power then? Well I simply view "power" as the "rate of doing work" (Joule/sec or kW). Hence, for the same amount of torque, the power increases at higher RPM (Power = Torque X Rotational Speed). Agree?

OK, now let's discuss on the power / torque vs RPM curve usually supplied by car manufacturers. In naturally-aspirated (NA) engines, initially the torque slowly increase, peaks at certain speed (say 4000 RPM) and started to decline beyond that point. As we've understand that torque and power are related, this torque dip reduces the power increase slope and eventually diminishes the power at a later speed (say 6500 RPM). This happens when the depleting of torque is more significant than increase in engine speed. Make sense, right?

In NA engines, I think the torque started to reduce because of 2 main reasons. Firstly, limitation is on the "intake valve lift" that controls the openings of air passage into the cylinder. At higher RPM, more air is required but the flow is "choked" by this constant opening area. This is the reason why some engines are designed with "variable intake valve lift" to cater for various RPM ranges i.e. small openings at low RPM (for fuel efficiency) and larger openings at higher RPMs (to sustain or even increase torque and power).

Secondly, the air into the cylinder is always at ambient pressure regardless of engine RPM. The amount of air drawn into the cylinder solely depends on the negative "suction" created by the downward movement of the piston during intake stroke. At higher RPM, constant atmospheric inlet pressure could not catch up with rapid cylinder volume expansion from faster piston movement. This results in lower air density available for combustion (although can be compensated with higher fuel consumption).

This is where forced-induction engines come into the picture. In turbocharged or supercharged engines, air pressure at the intake is compressed to slightly above atmospheric pressure, meaning there is a "pushing" of air into the cylinder to complement the "pulling" by the piston during intake stroke. This extra help enables peak torque to be achieved much earlier (say 1500 RPM). Another benefit is sufficient amount of presurized air can be supplied at a wide span of engine speed (say 1500 to 5000 RPM) and constant torque value can be achieved within this range. This flat torque profile is what you referred as "torque plateau". Using this technique, the power output rate can be rapidly increased across the RPM and "higher peak power" can be achieved with a relatively small engine capacity. all this just by playing with the torque value!

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Yes, graphite is valuable as it is a crucial material in various industries such as manufacturing, electronics, and energy storage. It is used in products like pencils, lubricants, batteries, and even in nuclear reactors. Graphite's unique properties make it a sought-after material for many applications.

Nitrogen and oxygen can combine inside a car engine due to the high temperatures reached during combustion. This leads to the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a byproduct. Nitrogen and oxygen in the air react with each other under these conditions to produce NOx emissions.

Petrol is primarily composed of hydrocarbons with chain lengths varying between 4 to 12 carbon atoms, along with small amounts of additives. Diesel is composed of longer hydrocarbon chains, typically ranging from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, with higher boiling points compared to petrol. Both fuels may also contain small amounts of sulfur compounds and other additives for performance and emission control.

Not necessarily. The power of an engine depends on various factors such as design, technology, and tuning. While a higher cubic centimeter engine may generally indicate a larger engine size, it doesn't directly correlate with power output. Horsepower, torque, and efficiency are better indicators of engine performance.

Hydrogen generators for cars, which use electrolysis to generate hydrogen from water, can technically work. However, the efficiency of these systems is often low, making them less practical compared to other technologies like fuel cells. Additionally, the infrastructure for storing and distributing hydrogen fuel is currently limited, which can further impact their usefulness.

No, graphite does not rust because it is a form of carbon and does not contain iron, which is necessary for rust to form. Graphite is a stable material that is not prone to oxidation like iron or steel.

If you stay in Nairobu there are several used parts located in industrial area east of th city. A b14 engine will fit but make sure you use a b12 tranny and axles. you will also need the engines ecu(brain box) and wiring harness. also make sure to match up the displacement of the b14 engine to your current one i.e 1300 cc for 1300 cc. eg ga13de for e13s, ga15de for e15e, e15s ga15e ga15s. if not you will have to get the b14 tranny as well. that will also be the case if your b12 came with CA16/18de.