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Genetic Engineering
Questions about the manipulation of an organisms genes in order to alter the morphological or chemical traits of the organism.
1,707 Questions
Do marijuana clones get stronger after every clone?
No, marijuana clones do not get stronger after every clone. The genetic potential of the plant is determined by the parent plant from which the clone is taken. However, environmental factors such as nutrients, light, and care can influence the overall strength and health of the plant.
I imagine its just an online cDNA library. A cDNA library is of course a collection of cDNA copy sequences. cDNA is where you have mRNA and you use reverse transcriptase to turn a strand of RNA into a DNA equivalent, then use RNAase H to degrade the remaining RNA strand and then use DNA polymerase to create a complete double stranded DNA sequence that is the equivalent of the mRNA. This way you can get the gene without the introns that normal DNA would have.
What is the difference between control and experimental variables?
Control variables are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure that any changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. Experimental variables, on the other hand, are the factors that are deliberately changed by the researcher to observe their effect on the dependent variable.
Where would you expect to find serine and alanine in a globular protein in an aqueous solution?
Alanine is very hydrophobic as it is non-polar at its (medium sized) side chain. This means it will most often be found in the internal regions of a globular protein in an aqueous solution, as it will become buried during the hydrophobic collapse of the early stages of protein folding. There will be exceptions to this when the majority of amino acids near it in the polypeptide chain are hydrophilic.
Serine has a polar hydroxyl group, making it slightly hydrophilic. You would therefore expect it to appear on the surface of the protein more often, or lining aqueous channels. It is only a little hydrophilic though, so it would not be surprising to find a more even distribution of serine around both the internal regions and external surfaces of the protein. More importantly though, the hydroxyl group of serine can be very reactive, particularly in certain environments produced by surrounding amino acids. Since it is very reactive, it is a common components of the catalytic (active) site of enzymes. For example, the catalytic triad of some protease enzymes.
What happens during crossing-over?
During crossing-over, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to the recombination of alleles. This process increases genetic variation in offspring by producing new combinations of alleles. Crossing-over occurs during meiosis, specifically during prophase I.
Summarize three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes?
The three ways in which genetic recombination occur in bacteria are:
- Tranformation - bacteria are able to take up foreign DNA through their cell membranes. This foreign DNA most often remains as an extrachromosomal structure called the plasmid. Sometimes the foreign DNA can integrate into the bacterial genome.
- Transduction - The transfer of small segments of bacterial DNA by viruses. When viruses invade the bacterial cell, they make use of the bacterial protein machinery to produce virions. During a process called packaging where genetic material is packed into the newly formed virus, bits of bacterial DNA are also included. These new virions then carry the bacterial DNA into the next cell that they infect.
- Conjugation - Also termed sexual reproduction between bacteria containing an F plasmid (F+) and one that lacks the plasmid (F-). A temporary structure called the conjugation tube is formed between the two interacting bacteria and the exchange of genetic material takes place.
Routine treatments for genetic disorders currently involve?
Routine treatments for genetic disorders include gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, medication management to control symptoms, dietary modifications, and counseling for patients and their families. These treatments aim to alleviate symptoms, manage complications, and improve quality of life for individuals affected by genetic disorders. Research into new treatments, such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, is also ongoing to develop more effective therapies.
Are genetic disorders contagious or caused by germs?
Genetic disorders are not contagious because they are caused by changes in a person's DNA that are passed down from parents. They are not caused by germs, which are microorganisms like bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted from person to person.
An organism that receives the same genetic traits from each parent?
An organism that receives the same genetic traits from each parent is called homozygous for that particular trait. This means that both alleles inherited from the parents are the same. It often results in a consistent expression of that trait in the offspring.
Technically yes because after Datrh Sidious' final stage in his plot to destroy the Jedi the clones were upgraded to be stormtroopers.however nobody knows how the clones were brainwashed or how they changed from clones to stormtroopers so fast.
Purpose of pepsin in DNA extract?
Pepsin is not typically used in DNA extraction. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins, not DNA. In DNA extraction, enzymes like proteinase K or nucleases are commonly used to break down proteins and enzymes that might interfere with the DNA isolation process.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. It may be a minor or a major change; and may be harmful or beneficial.
Regards
Time is imaginary
What is evolution in genetic terms?
In terms of a population, evolution is just the change of allele frequencies over time. Natural selection can cause certain advantageous alleles to increase in frequency, and detrimental alleles to decrease in frequency.
Artificial cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism by replicating its DNA through various techniques such as somatic cell nuclear transfer or embryo splitting. This can be used in various applications such as research, agriculture, and medicine.
How might cloning be useful to animal breeders?
Answer
The very basic of genetics underlies all breeding is that parents with desirable traits can have children with those same desirable traits. A more detailed understanding of genetics allows one to figure out the odds of those traits passing on, understand how it is done, and better plan to bring out traits that are desirable. This is useful because it gives the breeders a better precision in matching parents/source genetic information that will produce viable and desirable traits in the offspring.
Is a source of genetic variation that refers to a random error in the genetic code?
A genetic mutation is a source of genetic variation that refers to a random error in the genetic code. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication, as a result of environmental factors, or due to mistakes in cellular processes. These mutations can lead to changes in the DNA sequence, potentially resulting in genetic variation within a population.
A method used to compare the genomes of different organisms or different individuals is called?
The comparison of the genomes of different organisms can be done by DNA profiling of those organisms. This includes the methods like electrophorosis, PCR[poly chain reaction] etc.
What is the difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning?
Therapeutic cloning involves creating cloned embryos for the purpose of harvesting stem cells to treat diseases or injuries. Reproductive cloning, on the other hand, aims to create a new organism that is genetically identical to the donor organism.
Hybrid means taking two powers and mixing them. Cars will be gas and electric, plants can be mixed so one that dies in cold is mixed with one that don't so it can survive the cold, a liger is a tiger bred with a lion, ect...
What cell structure is an important agent in modern genetic engineering techniques?
The cell structure that is important in modern genetic engineering techniques is the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the DNA of the cell is located, containing the genetic information that can be manipulated through techniques like gene editing to introduce or modify specific traits.
Crossing over always happens during what?
Crossing over occurs during meiosis, specifically during the first stage of meiosis I known as prophase I. It involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic diversity in offspring.
Anemia is a broad disorder that literally translates as 'no blood'. In medical practice, anemia is a condition in which there are insufficient normal red blood cells to provide oxygen to the body tissues.
Anemia can be caused by a wide variety of things: large volume blood loss, infection, cancer and toxins can all result in various types of anemia.
There are also genetic causes of anemia. Two commonly discussed genetic anemias are sickle cell anemia and hemophilia-related anemia. Sickle cell anemia developed in Africa, where malaria parasites are common. A heterozygous individual has about 15% abnormal red blood cells that are crescent-shaped and don't transport oxygen well. Hemophilia was traced to a point mutation in the English royal line in the Middle Ages, which then spread throughout Europe via marriage among the royal houses. Hemophilia actually results in blood that does not clot properly, which can result in anemia due to chronic blood loss through hemorrhages.
Because If the concept of cloning is drawn out to the extreme it is conceivable that particular types of humans can be deliberately created then cloned to make for instance the perfect soldier, factory labourer, mathematician etc, etc. Money hungry companies and power hungry politicians have in the past shown that they are capable of nearly any access so there are those that are worried about the implications of even possessing the knowledge to do it.
Cloning is on the fence with food. Some people want cloned animals in the food supply, some don't.
- The pro's of cloning is you get another person to keep you company like a person that may of died recently. The cons are it could go wrong and you could end up with a deformed person which would be even worse than loosing the relative in the first place. Need anymore advice just leave another question.
- Cloning pros are cloning new hearts, kidneys, etc. so people that need organs don't have to be put on a long waiting list and possibly die while waiting. The downside is, that in past history most great things discovered are used in an under-handed and ugly fashion and not for the good. They could use cloning to make vast armies, so that means a fight for the total power of cloning. Cloning can keep feared and dangerous leaders alive and well (think about Hitler, Hussein.) But that might not happen because the clone would be born as a baby, and might grow up to have different goals. Sometimes it's not nice to fool mother nature! If we could be sure cloning would help those that have heart, liver, kidney disease or other diseases then that's a wonderful thing, but us humans know better. Cloning will be like everything else that should be used in a good and controlled way ... money and power. People will want to start cloning their children, each other, their parents, pets, and it goes on down the list. Playing God only backfires in one's face.
- Pros are the organs and tissues that can be cloned. Also, people who can't reproduce naturally will have another option besides in vitro in order to have kids. Cons. Cloning should not be used to keep good or bad people alive forever, since clones just have the same DNA as their parent, they are not the same person and will most likely develop a different personality. There is also no reason why clones would be more controllable than non clones, so raising a clone army would be about as useful as just passing a mandatory reproduction law and conscripting all the children as adults. Maybe He wants us to use our gift of intelligence to come up with this new technology and use it? Otherwise why would he have put it into our nature to have the ability to think of these things?
- Pros of cloning all depend on the person, for or against. For me the pros would be that great people could be cloned to live out their legacy, or to create armies of cloned super babies cons are that more people are against cloning than for it. And cloning is expensive, to retrieve the desired DNA and to reproduce and maintain homeostasis within the specimen. Cloning for now is unneeded due to our overpopulation and lack of food in other countries. Which will start the need for cloning plants and animals, but that's a totally different story. For those who think that its like playing God the hydra is an animal that asexually reproduces and that means it clones itself by breaking body parts off and having them grow.
- Pros: People who need an organ could have one without having to take anti rejection drugs or having to have a family member donate something. As well, there really is no worry about clone armies unless someone figures out how to clone people without their own minds and opinions. Cons: There are millions of ethical reasons not to clone humans because clones are humans, they have brains and personalities. Also, there is overpopulation on earth as well as food shortage.
- Pros: Pros are based off of opinions really, the person would be genetically identical, but, personality would be different, everything that doesn't involve your DNA is probably gonna be different. Cons: Cloning, Usually is very inefficient.
Plain and simple, and most of the "clones" either die before birth, or during early stages of live. If not that, they have Birth Defects. Plus, the more efficient way of cloning, which is somewhere around Taking already mature, immunoglobulin genes in B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes cells, in other words, defend and attack cells, in order, And, it only keeps the one cell, either b or t, as in all the White Blood cells(B and T) will either be B or T. So you'll only be able to produce antigens(b) or Defend yourself from Diseases (t).
