Hieroglyphics

The hieroglyph known as E4 in the British Museum system and S40 in the Gardiner Classification depicts the w3s sceptre which appears in paintings being held by gods and goddesses. It is a three consonant hieroglyph: w+3+s.

This sceptre as a hieroglyph signifies dominion, authority or lordship; it can also mean simply"sceptre". It is referred to by Egyptologists as the was sceptre, since the Egyptian guttural consonant 3 is almost impossible for English speakers to pronounce.

The link below takes you to an image of a gold plaque showing king Amenemhet IV making an offering to the god Atum, who holds a typical was sceptre with a jackal head at its top and a forked end. The shaft of the sceptre is sometimes shown as wavy rather than straight.

The ancient Egyptian language has several words meaning "great", with different connotations:

• great as in a great or important man was written with the sign for an old man with a walking stick followed by the determinative sign of a seated man, sound value wr
• great as in large, much or many was written with the sign of a swallow bird, with the sound value wr
• great as in important, but also much or many was written with the swallow bird and mouth signs, sound value wrr
• great as in large, noble, regal or royal was written with the sign for a wooden column laid on its side, sound value '3[pronounced aa today]. This word, together with pr(house) makes pr '3, per-aa, from which the word pharaoh derives.

Shiny side up. The reflective surface is designed that way to deflect radiation better. But, babies won't die if you do it the other way around.

Scientifically speaking, the shiny side is better top be towards your food when cooking--the reflective surface makes for slightly faster cooking. The dull side should be towards the food when freezing--the shiny side outwards will keep any heat that would enter at bay better.

These make very small differences, however, and your food will probably come out APPROXIMATELY the same either way.

A scientist who reads Egyptian hieroglyphics can be described any number of ways, such as:

1. Archeologist
   
2. Egyptologist
   
3. Historian
   
4. Historical Anthropologist
   
5. Linguist
   
6. Philosopher

That would extremely difficult, even for an ancient Egyptian scribe. There were single-consonant signs often used for spelling out foreign names, but the Egyptian language had no "v" sound, so no sign representing it.

Since vowels were not written and the v sound does not exist in the language, a scribe would struggle to represent the name Evan; he would have to write an approximation. Perhaps he would settle on something like if3n, where the i and the 3 are consonants that do not exist in English.

This would be written with the upright "reed" sign (i) followed by the horned viper (f) over an Egyptian vulture (3) followed by the horizontal zigzig line for water (n).

Since this represents the name of a person it would be followed by the sign for a kneeling man (a determinative).

In hieroglyphs the word for a god was written nTr (where the T can sometimes have a tch sound value). This could be expressed in several ways, including the sign for a flag flying from a pole, followed by the determinative sign for a god - a kneeling male figure with a beard.

To make this plural (gods) you can either write the "flag" hieroglyph three times in a row, or make three short vertical strokes after the word; in both cases the sound value is nTrw.

There are other ways of writing this word, but the "flag" sign is the most common.

Hieroglyphs can be categorised in many different ways, such as grouping them into animals, birds and parts of their bodies, humans and parts of their bodies, small signs, tall signs, signs depicting plants and so on.

In linguistic terms the hieroglyphic signs may be grouped as follows:

• single consonant signs (such as a hand for d)
• two consonant signs (such as the basket for nb)
• three consonant signs (such as the star for dw3)
• ideograms (such as a standing man with arms raised before him for "praise" or a mouth for "mouth")
• determinatives (such as the papyrus roll) which have no sound value and only serve to help classify words into their general meaning.

There therefore 5 categories of hieroglyphs using this system.

Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics, hy uhr uh GLIHF ihks, is a form of writing in which picture symbols represent ideas and sounds. The word hieroglyphics comes from two Greek words that mean sacred carving. Hieroglyphics usually refers to the writing of ancient Egypt. However, forms of picture writing were used in other ancient cultures as well, notably by the Hittites, who lived in the region that is now Turkey, and by the Maya and Aztec Indians of Central America. (From http://reference.howstuffworks.com/hieroglyphics-encyclopedia.htm) Origins of Egyptian Hieroglyphs The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script "mdwt ntr" (god's words). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria. The earliest known examples of writing in Egypt have been dated to 3,400 BC. The latest dated inscription in hieroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at Philae in 396 AD. The hieroglyphic script was used mainly for formal inscriptions on the walls of temples and tombs. In some inscriptions the glyphs are very detailed and in full colour, in others they are simple outlines. For everyday writing the hieratic script was used. After the Emperor Theodsius I ordered the closure of all pagan temples throughout the Roman empire in the late 4th century AD, knowledge of the hieroglyphic script was lost until the early 19th century, when a French man named Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) managed to decipher the script. Notable features * Possibly pre-dates Sumerian Cuneiform writing - if this is true, the Ancient Egyptian script is the oldest known writing system. Another possibility is that the two scripts developed at more or less the same time. * The direction of writing in the hieroglyphic script varied - it could be written in horizontal lines running either from left to right or from right to left, or in vertical columns running from top to bottom. You can tell the direction of any piece of writing by looking at the way the animals and people are facing - they look towards the beginning of the line. * The arrangement of glyphs was based partly on artistic considerations. * A fairly consistent core of 700 glyphs was used to write Classical or Middle Egyptian (ca. 2000-1650 BC), though during the Greco-Roman eras (332 BC - ca. 400 AD) over 5,000 glyphs were in use. * The glyphs have both semantic and phonetic values. For example, the glyph for crocodile is a picture of a crocodile and also represents the sound "msh". When writing the word for crocodile, the Ancient Egyptians combined a picture of a crocodile with the glyphs which spell out "msh". Similarly the hieroglyphs for cat, miw, combine the glyphs for m, i and w with a picture of a cat.

Used to write: Egyptian, an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until about the 10th century AD. After that it continued to be used as a the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians, the Copts, in the form of Coptic. Hieroglyphs representing single consonants These glyphs alone could be used to write Ancient Egyptian and represent the first alphabet ever divised. In practice, they were rarely used in the fashion. Numerals By combining the following glyphs, any number could be constructed. The higher value signs were always written in front of the lower value ones. Sample texts Transliteration: iw wnm msh nsw, this means "The crocodile eats the king". Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)(From http://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian.htm)

Victor Celorio (born on http://www.answers.com/topic/july-27, http://www.answers.com/topic/1957 in http://www.answers.com/topic/mexico-city) is an author, entrepreneur, inventor, and former union organizer. He lives and works in Gainesville, Florida, United States. As an inventor, Celorio obtained patents for the technology popularly known as Book On Demand, as well as that of Distributed Printing technology in which an e-book is distributed among as many printing centers as required for immediate production and delivery, thereby creating a vast network of digital bookstores and libraries. (US PATENTS 6012890 [1], 6213703 [2], Chinese Patent 97705, Mexican Patent 241092, others [3]). As an en entrepreneur, Celorio foresaw the advent of what is now known as the http://www.answers.com/topic/internet-12. In the late eighties, he created a digital network of print on demand centers around Mexico City. In the nineties, he founded a company to market the technology that became known as Print on Demand or Book on Demand. [4] In an interview published in The Seybold Report, written by George A. Alexander, (2002) [5] Victor Celorio described his love affair with books since he was a child. He knew he wanted to be a writer from the time he was 10 years old and he published his first short story at the age of 14 in a magazine called Al Sur del Sur. But growing up in Mexico, a country which is famous for its lack of bookstores, Celorio had a permanent hunger for books. Many years later, this hunger for books would lead to the creation of the technology known as Book-On-Demand. This technology proposes that mass production is a passé approach to manufacture. Interestingly enough, http://www.answers.com/topic/mass-production as a technology came to be understood fully thanks to the production of http://www.answers.com/topic/bargain-1. Celorio believes the same thing is happening though the manufacture on goods on demand. As an author, Celorio has published six books, both in http://www.answers.com/topic/spanish-language and in http://www.answers.com/topic/english-language. His titles include one of the first books ever distributed through the internet. The book was entitled Proyecto Mexico (Blue Unicorn Editions Florida, 1995, ISBN 1-58396-059-7). This work is a political essay published in 1995 where the author proposes that Mexico, his country of origin, lacks a long term project as a country. Therefore, all political remedies to the problems affecting that country will lack a global goal and will be short term in nature. Thus, Mexico as a country will go from one short term solution to the next short term solution until a true national project is negotiated among all political parties. His books include: * Espejo de Obsidiana, short-story collection, 1981, Union de Escritores Libres Mexicanos, ISBN 1-891355-09-0 * El Unicornio Azul novel, fiction, 1985, Grupp Editorial, ISBN 1-58396-063-5 * Proyecto Mexico, political essay, 1995, Blue Unicorn Editions, ISBN 1-58396-059-7 * Blood Relatives, fiction, 1997, Blue Unicorn Editions, ISBN 1-891355-66-X * Twisted Gods, fiction thriller, 1999, Blue Unicorn Editions, ISBN 1-891355-91-0

There have been about 200 articles about Celorio and his book-printing invention, written by, among others, The New York Times, Forbes, Seybold Report, Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune, and the Rochester Institute of Technology; and interviews in National Public Radio; etc. This short list includes a few of the US published articles as a sample. There have been articles written in many other countries (http://www.answers.com/topic/canada, http://www.answers.com/topic/mexico-country-north-america, http://www.answers.com/topic/germany, http://www.answers.com/topic/italy, http://www.answers.com/topic/la-india, http://www.answers.com/topic/china-13, etc). * Kleper, Michael L. "The Handbook of Digital Publishing". Vol. II. By, http://www.answers.com/topic/rochester-institute-of-technology-1. Page 565, Published by Prentis Hall, 2000 , ISBN 0-13-029371-7 Encyclopedia of Printing Technologies in 2 Volumes [6] * Lerner Michael, "New technology prints books while you wait"[7], Forbes Magazine, 06.04.99 * Haack Douglas F. "The Simpleton Author's Guide to"Self-Book Publishing and Printing", 04, 2000 [8] * TAUB, ERIC A. "For Budding Authors, a Rapid-Fire Publisher"[9], http://www.answers.com/topic/the-new-york-times. June 10, 2004, * APPLEBOME, PETER "Our Towns; Have a Seat. Your Novel Will Be Out Momentarily." September 12, 2004, http://www.answers.com/topic/the-new-york-times[10] * Steven, Zeitchik, "Jersey Bookseller Becomes Publisher, Too" PW Daily for Booksellers - 4/29/2004 [11] * Mutter John . "U.S. Debut for In-Store, On-Demand Machines" Publishers Weekly. 5/17/2004 [12] * EDWARDS, STEVE. "InstaBook Launches 'Books-On-Demand'", May 26, 2004 • The Seybold Report • Analyzing Publishing Technologies • © 2004 Seybold Publications[13] * Zeitchik, Steven, "When We Are All Publishers" by PW NewsLine -- 4/28/2004[14] * ALEXANDER, GEORGE A. "The InstaBook Maker: book printing eases into the bookstore", The Seybold Report • Analyzing Publishing Technologies • © 2004 Seybold Publications * Nishi, Dennis. "Publishing turns page with print on demand" http://www.answers.com/topic/chicago-tribune Feb 14, 2004 [15] * Callea, Donna. "E-PUBLISHER MAKES MARK" Daytona Beach Press. [16] * LAPIDUS. PAUL. "Helping authors get into print" The Record, North Jersey News, July 12, 2006 [17]

{| ! colspan="2" | Persondata | NAME Victor Celorio ALTERNATIVE NAMES Manuel SHORT DESCRIPTION Aportations related to books DATE OF BIRTH July 27, 1957 PLACE OF BIRTH Mexico City DATE OF DEATH

PLACE OF DEATH

|}

The Rosetta Stone was instrumental in the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics ; see related link below .

Hieroglyphics were deciphered using the Rosetta stone

an Egyptian artifact that was discovered in the late 1700's by the french

it contained a three carved texts two in Egyptian and the third in classic greek

being able to translate the greek allowed the English to translate the other languages

when they acquired the stone in the early 1800's
Hieroglyphics were decoded thanks to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone can best be described as a decoder stone. This stone featured Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek. The three types of writing all contained basically the same information, which made it easier for archaeologists and historians to decode the hieroglyphs and make a sort of "key" to be able to decode other hieroglyphs that may be found.