History of Science

Pierre Janssen discovered helium in 1868 during a solar eclipse while observing spectral lines in the sun's corona.

A fault line is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks on either side have moved relative to each other. This movement can be caused by tectonic forces, such as plates colliding or sliding past each other. Fault lines can produce earthquakes when the built-up stress is released suddenly, causing the rocks to shift along the fault.

The basic requirement for you to see an object using the microscope is light. The amount of light will determine the visibility of the specimen.

Bacteria are typically smaller than eukaryotic microorganisms in terms of both cell size and genome size. Eukaryotic microorganisms, such as yeast and algae, are generally larger and more complex, with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Bacteria lack these organelles and their genetic material is mostly contained in a single circular chromosome.

controlled experiment and observations..i might be wrong

Both blocky lava and aa lava are types of viscous, cooler lava flows that form rough, jagged surfaces. They are characterized by their slow movement and blocky appearance due to the solidifying of the lava flow before it fully cools.

Yes, there are a wide range of species and hybrids grown for their blooms.

Pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient is the force that pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table. A boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above is the water table.

Fossil Record the ordered array in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rocks. Comparative Anatomy comparison of body structures in different species, which give signs of common descent. Biogeography the geographical distribution of species.

Most active volcanoes in the solar system are found on Jupiter's moon Io. Io's volcanic activity is due to its proximity to Jupiter, which causes intense gravitational forces that generate tidal heating within the moon's interior, leading to frequent volcanic eruptions.

The rate of photosynthesis is highest under blue and red light because chlorophyll pigments absorb these wavelengths most efficiently. These colors correspond to the peaks of the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and b.

Atoms, with the exception of heavy metals, are unstable. Depending on their atomic number, they can be highly reactive. The electrons in their outermost level will bind with either another atom of the same type (diatomic) or of another type (molecule). An ion (or charged particle) will either add or release an electron in order to complete an energy level for maximum stability.

The first scientist who proposed that the Earth was elliptical was Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century. He developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which led to the understanding of Earth's shape.

When one allele is not dominant over the other, both alleles contribute to the phenotype in a form of incomplete dominance or codominance. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous individual displays a phenotype that is a blend of the two alleles. In codominance, both alleles are expressed independently, resulting in a phenotype that shows traits from both alleles.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is half calcium carbonate, and varies in types. It generally has a rough appearance, that is generally hard. It is light in color usually colored from grey to yellow.

Mt Kenya is considered an extinct volcano. It last erupted over 3 million years ago. Today, it is a dormant volcano, with no recorded historical eruptions.

Subdivisions of geological eras include periods, epochs, and ages. These subdivisions are used to further categorize and study the complexities of Earth's history and the events that have shaped it over time. Each subdivision represents a distinct span of geological time with its own unique characteristics and defining features.

Aristotle was a Greek scientist who thought that plants ate soil and sucked it up through their roots. Most people believed this until the 17th century. In the 17th century, a scientist called Jan van Helmont tested Aristotle's theory. He measured the masses of a small tree and some soil in a pot. He planted the tree and watered it for 5 years In van Helmont's experiment the mass of the soil did not go down much (0.06kgs/ 0.132lbs) but the mass of the tree went up a lot (74.47kg/163.834lbs). This showed that Aristotle's theory was wrong. Van Helmont suggested that the tree got all of its food from water. In 1782, Jean Senebier showed that plants need carbon dioxide gas from the air and suggested that plants only use this gas to make food. In 1804, Nicholas de Saussure did van Helmont's experiment again, but he carefully measured the amounts of carbon dioxide and water he gave to the plant. He showed that both carbon dioxide and water are needed.

Lamarck believed that there was a form of evolution, but contrary to Darwin after him, he believed that the characteristics an organism acquires during his life are inherited by its descendants.

For more on Lamarck's hypothesis, see the related question below.

Organelles replicate through a process called binary fission, where they duplicate their components and divide into two separate organelles. This process is similar to how bacteria replicate. The cell's DNA contains instructions for organelle replication, ensuring that the new organelles have the necessary components for proper function.

Dmitri Mendeleev was able to demonstrate the value of his contribution to chemistry by accurately predicting the properties of undiscovered elements and leaving gaps in his periodic table for them, which were later filled by their discovery. This validated the organization of elements by atomic number and helped establish the periodic law.

Fluorescent light bulbs use phosphors to convert ultraviolet light into visible light.

Dendrites connect to other receptive cell (ie. Receptors)

The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere below. These plates move relative to each other, leading to the formation of features such as mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The boundaries between these plates are characterized by different types of interactions, including convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.