Immune System

Yes. He noticed how milkmaids caught cowpox, but didn't get smallpox. Cowpox was similar to smallpox but much milder so didn't kill people who caught it. The milkmaids who had caught cowpox didn't catch smallpox because their body had become immune to it after having cowpox. To test this theory, Jenner took some of the pus from a cowpox spot from a milkmaid and injected it into a boy named James Phipps. He fell ill, but didn't die. He then recovered and Jenner took the pus of a smallpox spot, in a high dose, and then injected this into James phipps. This was very risky because smallpox at the time was very deadly. James Phipps did not fall ill. The cowpox had made him immune to smallpox. This vaccination was done on more and more people to make more people immune to smallpox.

1. inborn

2. active acquired

a. natural

b. artificial

3. passive acquired

a. natural

b. artificial

Innate Immunity

Innate Immunity is a form of non specific host defense against invading bacteria. It is natural or "innate" to the host, depending, in part, on genetics. Innate defense mechanisms are contitutive to the host, meaning they are continually ready to respond to invasion and do not require a period of time for induction. The most important components of innate immunity are anatomical barriers, intact normal flora, tissue bactericides including complement, and ability to undergo inflammatory and phagocytic responses.

Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against invading bacteria. The skin and mucous membranes provide physical and chemical barriers to infection. The normal bacterial flora antagonize colonization of body surfaces by nonindigenous bacteria. The internal tissues invariably contain bactericidal substances. The most noteworthy antibacterial substance is the enzyme lysozyme, which is present in mucus and all bodily tissues and secretions. If these barriers are penetrated, the body contains cells that respond rapidly to the presence of the invader. These cells include macrophages and neutrophils that engulf foreign organisms and kill them. Bacterial invasion is also challenged by the activation of complement in blood and tissues and the incitement of an inflammatory process which has the tendency to focus both the innate and adaptive immune defenses on the site of invasion.

Immune system - through a complex interaction between various types of immune cells, the body is able to decompose invading organisms

Immune system memory - information about the pathogens encountered during an illness is stored in immune cells and is used to quickly destroy those pathogens if they become present in the body again (basis for vaccines)

Metabolic adjustments - during severe infections or trauma, the body lowers the consumption of nutrients thus lowering the chances of introducing unwanted microorganisms or toxins into the bloodstream

Blood-Brain barrier - filters out larger molecules - effetively preventing many microorganisms from entering the brain

Sneezing, runny nose, sweat, high fever, vomitting - creates unfavorable microenvironment and expels decomposed (fully or partially) and active pathogens( bacteria, viruses, fungi)

The immune system.

coritisone also known as hydrocortisone is the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids

There are several things to do that might help:

* Frequent bathing * Frequent changes of clothing * Avoid foods that cause body odors * Use deodorant, but to prevent sweating use the kind that says, Antiperspirant. * Keep your clothes loose fitted around the armpit as circulation of air keeps the armpit from having an odor * Dress in natural fibers

If the problem is really bad, a doctor may be of some assistance. There are products made specifically for this problem, some of which can be found in many drug, discount and health food stores. One, in particular, is a salt/mineral salt product. Salt has some natural anti-bacterial properties, so this may help eliminate the problem, since quite often, it is bacteria that causes the odor. This can also help with sweaty and/or smelly feet.

ghfch

The first inflammatory cell would be the neutrophil, but the first somatic cells to be involved are likely either thrombocytes or erythrocytes.

White Blood Cells prouduce antibodies because when a pathogen (another name for a diease) enters your body white blood cells sends out the right antibodies to kill the pathogen and when it is killed the white blood cells remembers it so if the pathogen ever comes back again they know how to get rid of it this is called immunty

when you go to kindergarten, middle school and maybe collage

A vaccination is usually a dead virus that has been administered at a specific dosage to trigger the body to produce antibodies. As a result of this production, the body will recognize the same virus in the future and "attack" it and kill it before it can make the body sick.

A vaccine contains complete or partial microbes or the toxins they produce. It stimulates the immune system to raise antibodies against the antigens on the disease carrying organisms. A pathogen against which the body has been vaccinated alerts memory cells so causing the immune system to launch an instant defence.

Too much exposure to moisture may lead to hands and feet peeling. Someone's hands and feet may also start peeling off if he has a fungal infection. Other closely related fungal infections of the feet include the athlete's foot.

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by, for example, marking them more recognizable to phagocytic cells. In this way, B cells "flag" cells for destruction by macrophages. B lymphocytes and antibodies respond primarily to bacteria and bacteria toxins in our body fluids.

Nails never stop growing, even after you die. You can let your nails grow for your entire life time without clipping them but it can get a lil tricky. Once your nails get to a certain length they start to curl and coil up, it actually looks pretty gross and they turn a dark color and look really dirty.

Naturally acquired active immunity means that you have contracted the disease and your body has developed immune defenses against the disease. An example if when a person gets Chickenpox- the body has memory cells which functions to produce an immune response when it recognizes the same virus later on. The immunity for chicken pox is usually lifetime.

Babies immune systems are not fully developed until they are about 1and half. Older people's immune systems are beginning to lose their effectiveness because their immune system is beginning to break down.

The cells which are involved in the production of antibodies are known as B cells. These are effector cells which will secrete anybodies and activate the antigens.

Cow smell funny because their poo stinks. It's the way their digestive system works. They can poo several times a day and up to 100 pounds of the stuff. They are also believed the cause of global warming.

a slightly low serum globulin probably has no significance, say 1.9 (where the low end of normal range is 2.2 or 2.3) unless associated with some other disease, such as kidney nephrosis or liver disease.

This could mean you have nerve damage or a torn ligament. You should see a doctor right away. I hope you get better :)

-best regaurds, kristi

Sterilization or pasteurization in food

Mediatstinal is a medical term meaning related to the mediastinum. The Mediastinum is the space between the lungs.

Yet another question from Penn Foster that is scientifically incorrect. It should be "O"

But the correct answer for their test is

D. AB