India

I'll cut it in short : Portuguese. Google for more info.

Rice is one of the chief grains in India, and the country stands second as the world’s largest producer of this grain. Furthermore, it is the largest exporter of rice across the globe. The fact that rice is a dominant crop in the country, its cultivation is done at a massive pace. While rice cultivation is done by different methods based on the region, traditional practices are still in use and play a major role in harvesting rice.

Read more about rice cultivation at VeerOverseas website.

India is a vast country and here are many tourism place like as historical places, hill stations, historical buildings and many famous places, so many people come here to visiting from other countries and get full enjoyment of the beauty of India.

New Delhi

President of India's official home is the Rastrapati Bhavan is located in New Delhi. There is the entire 130 hectare President Estate which includes large Presidential Garden knows as Mughal's Garden. The main building was earlier called as Viceroy's House.

The current Milk Production in India for the year 2006-2007 is 100.9 million Metric tons. the previous year production was 97.1 million Metric tons. This translates roughly to 4% increase per year.

Source : http://www.nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.html

It is generally pretty hot and can be extremely humid on the coast. Almost all of the subcontinent experiences monsoon in the summer. In the northern part of the country, the climate is quite a bit cooler due to the higher elevations getting up into the Himalayas.

Currently Wallace Coffee is the lead chairman or chief but ofcourse the most famous and still remembered chief is Chief Quannah Parker that lead the Comanche tribe to its most abundant state of affairs to date!

Q.12. Talk to some old residents in your region and write a short report on the changes in

irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years. (Optional)

Ans. Report on Changes in Cultivation : A survey was conducted to know about the changes that

have taken place in irrigation and other production methods during the last 30 years. Some old

residents of the region were contacted. The findings of the report are given as under.

The farmers reported that cultivation had gone through major changes during the last 30 years.

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Traditional agricultural practices are steadily being replaced by modern farming practices.

Indian agriculture has witnessed mechanisation on a large scale. The use of HYV seeds

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Farmers have begun to set-up their own pump-sets for irrigation.

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Unlike past, farmers now grow at least two main crops during the year.

These included :

has increased.

the non-farm production activities taking place in your region? MakeAns. Non-farm activities.

Non-farm activities refer to the activities other than farming which are undertaken to earn

Bihar with 1102 per square km (6740 per sq. mi)

At Digwadih,Dhanbad.,Jharkhand,INDIA

The Narmada River is found in central India. This river originates in Narmada Kund, found on Amarkantak hill. It flows entirely within India.

So far, there have been four occasions when emergency of the first category was proclaimed by the President : 1962 (Chinese aggression), 1965 (Indo-Pakistan war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war before the emergence of Bangladesh) and 1975 (internal emergency).

because it has not been long before in became a new country

Albert Einstein

(1879 - 1955)He is arguably at the pinnacle, if the popularity of all the scientists is taken into account. He demonstrated solutions to a trio of mind-boggling topics in Physics in 1905 and shot into the limelight.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642 - 1727)"Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" called "Principia" is acknowledged as the greatest scientific book ever published. Sir Isaac Newton wrote this in 1687.

Galileo Galilei

(1564 - 1642)He was the first to use the telescope for furnishing evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun. This postulate was in contrast to that held by the majority.

Charles Darwin

(1564 - 1642)"On the origin of species by means of natural selection" is Darwin's famous book published in 1859.

Johannes Kepler

(1571 - 1630)Kepler compiled the Mars data which enabled him to propose the "Three Laws of Planetary Motion".

Louis Pasteur

(1822 - 1895)Some of his works are: separation of mirror image molecules and effect of polarized light, and identification of the parasite that was killing silkworms.

James Maxwell

(1831 - 1879)He is known for the "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" published in 1873. Maxwell independently developed the "Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases".

Edwin Hubble

(1889 - 1953)"Hubble's Law" stated that galaxies move away from each other at a speed determined by the distance that separated them. He classified galaxies as per their distance, shape, brightness patterns and content.

Emil Fisher

(1852 - 1919)Some of his works are: synthesis of glucose, fructose, mannose starting with glycerol, and establishing structures for the 16 stereoisomers of the aldohexoses with glucose as the most prominent member.

Paul Dirac

(1902 - 1984)He received a Nobel prize in 1933 for the work on anti-particles. The "Dirac equation" was a version of the Schrodinger's equation.

Archimedes

(287 - 212 BC)His major achievements are "The Archimedes principle in hydrostatics", the Archimedes screw and the relation between the surface and volume of a sphere and the circumscribing cylinder.

Marie Curie

(1867 - 1934)She won the 1903 Nobel prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel prize in Chemistry.

Thomas Alva Edison

(1847 - 1931)He set up the first industrial research laboratory in the world and was a world record holder of 1093 patents.

Max Planck

(1858 - 1947)He introduced the quantum and became the recipient of the Nobel prize for Physics in 1918.

Nikola Tesla

(1856 - 1943)In 1882, he stated the rotating magnetic field principle and invented the alternating current long-distance electrical transmission system six years later.

Aristotle

(384 - 322 BC)His works include Physics, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452 - 1519)He designed bridges, war machines, buildings, canals and forts.

Niels Bohr

(1885 - 1962)In 1922, he won the Nobel prize for Physics. He developed the "Bohr theory of the atom and liquid model of the atomic nucleus".

Nicholas Copernicus

(1473 - 1543)He theorized that the Sun was the fixed point around which the motions of the planets takes place. The Earth rotates around its axis once in a day and slow alterations in the direction of this axis cause the precession of the equinoxes.

Rene Descartes

(1596 - 1650)He wrote "Meditationes de prima philosophia, in quibus Dei existentia and animae a corpore distinctio, demonstratur" in 1641.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

(1845 - 1923)In 1901, he won the Nobel prize for Physics as he discovered X-rays.

Carl Sagan

(1934 - 1996)He promoted the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence and was a pioneer of exobiology.

Jonas Salk

(1914 - 1995)He developed a vaccine for polio in 1952.

Alexander Graham Bell

(1847 - 1922)He is the inventor of the telephone and the metal detector.

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

(1888 - 1970)He developed the Raman spectroscopy that provides information regarding the molecular structure.

Ernest Rutherford

(1871 - 1937)He developed atomic theory in 1911 and classified forms of radiation.

Joseph John Thomson

(1856 - 1940)He received the Nobel prize for Physics in 1907 and developed the mass spectrograph.

William Ramsay

(1852 - 1916)He independently discovered Helium and shared the discovery or Argon, Krypton and Xenon.

Alfred Nobel

(1833 - 1896)He was a chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He is also the inventor of dynamite. He established a fund for the yearly Nobel prize in the areas of chemistry, physics, literature, international peace and medicine.

William Thompson

(1775 - 1833)He derived the second law of thermodynamics and proposed the Kelvin temperature scale.

James Prescott Joule

(1818 - 1889)One determines the rate at which heat is produced by an electric current by using Joule's law.

Julius Robert von Mayer

(1814 - 1878)Along with James Joule, he discovered the first law of thermodynamics.

Henry Bessemer

(1813 - 1898)He invented an economical steel-making procedure that burnt off impurities.

Robert Bunsen

(1811 - 1899)He developed the spectroscope and discovered Cesium and Rubidium.

Thomas Graham

(1805 - 1869)He developed a technique to separate crystalloids from colloids, which is called "dialysis".

Michael Faraday

(1791 - 1867)He stated the laws of electrolysis in 1833.

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner

(1780 - 1849)He determined the relation between elements and their atomic weight.

Amedeo Avogadro

(1776 - 1856)He concluded that equal volumes of gases at similar conditions of temperature and pressure have the same number of molecules.

William Henry

(1773 - 1841)Henry's Law states that the amount of gas absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure rises.

John Dalton

(1766 - 1844)He developed the atomic theory.

Alessandro Volta

(1745 - 1827)He invented the practical battery using cells of two types of metals.

Antoine Lavoisier

(1743 - 1794)He recognized and named oxygen and disproved the phlogiston theory.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb

(1736 - 1806)He discovered the law of force between two charged bodies.

Henry Cavendish

(1731 - 1810)He discovered hydrogen and nitric acid.

Thomas Newcomen

(1663 - 1729)He invented the steam engine. It was eventually replaced by James Watt's improved design.

Robert Boyle

(1627 - 1691)The Boyle's law describes the inversely proportional relationship between absolute pressure and volume of a gas, that is, if the temperature is constantly maintained in a closed system

Blaise Pascal

(1623 - 1662)The SI unit of pressure is named after him.

India is a big country characterized by cultural, regional, linguistic and geographical diversities. Such a diverse and vast country cannot be administered and ruled from a single centre. Historically, though India was not a federal state, its various regions enjoyed adequate autonomy from central rule. Keeping in view these factors in mind, the Constitution makers of India opted for the federal form of government. Though, the Government of India Act,. 1935 envisaged a federal set-up for India; federal provisions of the Act were not enforced. Thus, India became a federal polity when the Constitution of India. Federalism as a form of government was, for the first time, put into practice in the United States way back in 1789. It was a result of the prevailing situation that time in the United States of America. Subsequently, it was followed in other countries of the world as a political choice. As the practice of federalism became prevalent in many parts of the world, its theoretical aspects were elaborated by scholars. J. W. Garner defines Federal Government as "contra distinguished from a Unitary government, a system in which the totality of government power is divided and distributed by the national Constitution or the organic law of Parliament creating it, between a central government and the governments of individual states or other territorial divisions which the federation is composed of."

Another noted scholar K. C. Wheare defines it; as "the method of dividing powers so that the general and regional governments are each within a sphere coordinate and independent." On the, basis of the above definitions we can infer certain features of federalism, which are:

(1) The most important feature of federalism is the division of powers between the central and state governments by the scheme of the Constitution itself. Both governments are independent and autonomous in their sphere of powers.

(2) The division, of powers between the two postulates a written constitution. In federalism the Constitution is also rigid as the federal provisions of the Constitution cannot be changed without the consent of both the centre and the states.

(3) Federalism also requires the provision for an independent federal judiciary as the division oi powers involves the possibility of disputes arising between the centre and the states or between the units of federation itself.

Creation of Indian Federation

Basically, there are two ways of creating a federal set-up. The first is on the basis of a federal alliance made by some independent federating units or sovereign states, which create the Central or Federal government and transfer certain powers of national importance to that government. The remaining powers are retained by the federating units. This division of powers based on the federal alliance becomes a part of the Constitution or the fundamental law of land. The federal Constitution cannot be altered without the consent of both the governments. The federating units have their separate constitutions to manage their internal affairs. Theoretically the federating units have the right to secede from the federation, but, in practice, it may not be possible to do so.

The second way to create a federation is by establishing some provincial governments by dividing a single sovereign country and conferring certain powers to those provincial governments through the provisions of the Constitution. The remaining powers are retained by the Central or Union government. The Indian federation is created on this manner as the provincial governments or federating units in India did not enjoy a sovereign or independent status before becoming a part of the federation. Even the Indian Constitution makers deliberately used the word 'Union' in place of 'Federation'. Article-1 of the Constitution declares India to be a 'Union of States'. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of Drafting Committee, explained in the Constituent Assembly (hat the use of the term 'Union' indicates two things. First, the Indian federation is not the result of an agreement by the units.

Second, the component units have no freedom to secede from the federation. However merely the use of the term Union does not indicate any particular type of federation. In order to understand the nature of Indian federation, the federal provisions of the constitution have to be elaborated and analyzed.

The Federal Features of Indian constitution-The Constitution of India displays the following federal features:

• (a) The Constitution of India makes the provision for the organization of two types of governments-the Union Government and the State Governments. The governments at; both levels are organized on the basis of Parliamentary System as per the provisions of the Constitution.

• (b) The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution makes provision for the division of powers between the Union and the States. It contains three lists :

1. The Union List which has 97 subjects of national importance and the Union Parliament has the power to enact laws with respect to these subjects; 2. The State List, which contains 66 subjects of local importance and the State Legislatures have the power to enact laws with respect to these subjects; 3. The Concurrent List, which contains 47 subjects and both the Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate on them. The idea of Concurrent List is inspired by the Constitution of Australia.

• (2) As per the requirement of federal system, the Indian Constitution is a written document. It is a rigid Constitution as far as the amendment of federal provisions is concerned. Thus, the following provisions, affecting the interests of states, can be amended only if not less than half of the state legislatures have approved the same: X. Article 54 and 55 related to the manner of election of the President; 2. Articles 73 and 162 dealing with the extent of the executive power of the Union and States; 3. Article 124, Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V to Part VI related to the Supreme Court and High Courts; 4. Chapter I of Part XI, dealing with the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and States; 5. Any of the Lists in the 7th Schedule; 6. Articles 80-81 and 4th Schedule related to the representation of States in Parliament; and 7. Article 368, related to the Amendment of the Constitution. In order to amend the above provisions the Constitution Amendment Bill has to be approved by not less than half of the state legislatures before it is presented to the President for his consent.

• (a) The Indian Constitution makes provision for an independent and Federal judiciary. The Supreme Court of India acts as a federal court. It has the power to decide the disputes arising either between the Union and the States or between the two or more States under its Original Jurisdiction as mentioned in Article 131 of the Constitution. The Constitution makes various provisions to ensure the independence of judiciary from the Executive and the Legislature both.

Unitary Features of Indian Federation-

The unitary features of Indian federation are so striking that a noted scholar Ivor Jennings, has termed it as a 'federation with strong centralizing tendencies.' The unitary features of Indian federation are given:

• The Indian federation is an example of 'Indestructible Union with Destructible states.' It means that the Union shall remain intact but the physical existence of states or units can be modified. Accordingly, Article 3 provides that the Parliament may by law form the new states by separating or uniting the territory of existing states, increase or diminish the area of any state, and alter the name and boundary of any state. On the other hand, the American federalism is characterized as 'Indestructible Union of Indestructible States'.

• Unlike the American federation, the Indian Constitution provides for a single citizenship. It means that, in India, every person is a citizen of India and they are not entitled for citizenship of any state. The Union Parliament is empowered to enact laws with respect to all matters related to citizenship.

• The Governor of a state, who is the executive head of the state, is appointed by the President and holds office during the pleasure of the President. It should be noted that the Governor is not a nominal head of state, but holds significant powers with respect to the affairs of the state. In fact, the Governor functions as the representative of the Union Government in the state and he/she is not responsible to any authority within the state.

• The provision for single citizenship in India is also considered is the unitary feature of Indian Federalism. In India, every person is a citizen of India.

• Unlike the US Federation, states in India do not have their separate Constitutions. India has a single Constitution, which makes pro vision with respect to both the Union and the States. Also, with the exception of some federal provisions, the states in India do not have any power with respect to the amendment of the Constitution, which is the sole prerogative of the Union Parliament.

• Generally, in federalism, the states or units have equal representation in the second House of Parliament. But, in India, the states do not have equal representation in the Council of States. The representation of states depends on their population; the number of seats allocated to different states is mentioned in the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution. The state of Uttar Pradesh has 31 seats, whereas many states like Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura etc. have only one seat in the Council of States.

State Bank of India, along with its affiliate banks (State Bank Group) have the highest number of ATMs in India. They have more than 21000 ATMs in India and they have the widest ATM network coverage within India. This includes both private and public sector banks.

The average wages in India is about 118 rupees per day. This is equivalent to about $2.18 per day for most regions.

The main reason India abolished the Zamindari System was because of land reform. Under this system, the Zamindars could take land, get free labor out of the tenants, evict them at will, charge high rents, and not contribute anything to the betterment of the area. The abolishment helped provided non-rich people with their own land ownership, distribution of natural resources, and other social justices.

The first season of the Indian version of X Factor was judged by playback singer Shreya Ghoshal, singer Sonu Nigam and film directorSanjay Leela Bhansali. The show was hosted by Aditya Narayan.

The National Sports Day in India is celebrated every 29th of August.

The hottest dessert is a matter of opinion, but I would venture to say that any dessert that is brought to a boil or baked could be considered hot. An example of this would be caramel. Another example would be molten chocolate lava cake.

The city of Kochi in India (formerly called Cochin) has historically been known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea.

One of the most famous tanpura players in India is Ustad Faiyaz Khan, renowned for his mastery of the instrument and contributions to Indian classical music. Another notable player is Ustad Ramesh Narayan, who has gained recognition for his skill and performances. Additionally, Tanpura is often played by many musicians accompanying vocalists and instrumentalists in concerts, making it an integral part of Indian classical music.

Yes. India have cities. Some of the cities are:

1) New Delhi

2) Mumbai

3) Kolkata

4) Chennai

5) Hyderabad

6) Bangalore

7) Pune

8) Ahmedabad

9) Thiruvananthapuram

10) Lucknow