Infectious Diseases

Gram positive bacteria protect themselves against harsh environments by forming thick peptidoglycan cell walls that provide structural support and protection. They also produce spores, which are dormant, resistant forms that can survive in extreme conditions. Additionally, some gram positive bacteria produce enzymes that detoxify harmful substances or have mechanisms to pump out damaging molecules.

One primary difference is the type of pigments they use for photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria use chlorophyll a and phycobilins, while purple and green phototrophic bacteria use bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids. Additionally, cyanobacteria produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, while purple and green phototrophic bacteria do not.

A while ago. It just recently started being given out to patients.

P.S - I would recommend this shot. I felt a little light headed the next day but I won't get the flu so it's all worth it !

Yes, bacteria are prokaryotic cells that lack a defined nucleus but contain genetic material in the form of a single circular chromosome. They also have a cell membrane and cell wall, and some bacteria may possess additional structures like capsules or flagella for movement.

Infection, such as cellulitis or osteomyelitis, can result from bacteria entering the body through a puncture wound. This can lead to redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes fever. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a puncture wound has become infected.

Influenza is typically treated with antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). These medications can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if taken within 48 hours of symptom onset. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms like fever and cough are also recommended.

Yes, steam mops can effectively kill bacteria and some viruses due to the high heat they produce. The steam helps to sanitize and disinfect the surface by penetrating crevices where germs may hide. However, it's important to follow manufacturer instructions and use the mop properly for optimal results.

The different types of influenza have different reservoirs. To talk only of the types that humans get, the largest reservoir for human influenza Type A viruses (those that we see most often in seasonal flu and that cause pandemics of the flu) is the human being.

In the bird flu that humans can get (Type A Avian Influenza H5N1 and H7N9), the biggest reservoir is wild aquatic fowl such as shorebirds, ducks and geese, but also commercial chicken farmers see it in their fowl, but less frequently.

Influenza A viruses are also frequently isolated in pigs and horses. It is believed that the animal reservoirs are where most new human subtypes of influenza develop. This is true of the H1N1/09 pandemic swine flu which started in pigs and birds before mutating to be able to infect humans.

Swine have been demonstrated to have receptors for both human and bird flu viruses, and as such are considered a potential mixing vessel for human, swine and avian viruses.

(For more about that reassortant process that occurred with the H1N1/09 Swine Flu, see the related question about what caused the swine flu.)

Because the rhinovirus (which is one virus that causes the common cold) mutates and changes its structure extremely frequently as do the other viruses that cause the common cold, such as Coronaviruses, and any of the others of hundreds of viruses that cause colds. While influenza strains also mutate, it is not as quickly as cold viruses that almost constantly are mutating, resulting in several dozen active viruses in any one locality.

In addition, influenza has proven reasonably easy to grow in labs for study and for vaccine production, while cultivating rhinoviruses has proven very difficult.

No, Clostridium are generally catalase-negative bacteria. They lack catalase enzyme which catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Bacillus and Clostridium are both Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. Physiologically, one key difference between them is their ability to form endospores. Bacillus species are capable of forming endospores under unfavorable conditions, while Clostridium species are also able to form endospores but are strictly anaerobic, meaning they thrive in oxygen-free environments.

i would say from what i know and suffering from it myself i could't say how it would not shorten your life. I think once you have chronic lyme you never have a very high quality of life. My father suffers as well and he was treat just a couple days after the bite. It been 3 years and he is still battling

Lyme disease is typically spread by deer ticks, which are found throughout Georgia. Therefore, it is possible to contract Lyme disease in any part of Georgia where these ticks are present. It is important to take precautions such as wearing insect repellent and checking for ticks after outdoor activities.

No, it is not safe to eat meat from animals infected with brucellosis as the bacteria can be transmitted to humans through consumption, causing a serious infection known as brucellosis. It is important to practice proper food safety measures and consume only meat from healthy animals to avoid the risk of infection.

It is the exponential phase.

Many antibiotic such as the Streptogramin family work on the ribosome and indeed the DNA and RNA polymerases. These are most active when the bacteria are dividing and so it causes more harm as it were. Also in Mycobacterium, when dividing it does not have such a thick cell wall, and so it is easier for the antibiotics to penatrate

that is true, also known as the Log phase and is when an organism is most sensative to antibiotics like penicillin-

Haemophilus influenza is a small, pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus, meaning it can appear as both cocci (spherical) or bacilli (rod-shaped) under the microscope. Its shape can vary from very short rods to more elongated forms.

Various infectious agents can cause upper respiratory infections, such as viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus) and bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae). The most common cause of URIs are viruses.

D. polio

ABC.

A is the worst, causes pandemics and epidemics

B causes epidemics

C is minimally problematic

If you're talking about strains, you have 9 types of Hemagglutinin and 16 types of Neuraminidase. So H5N1 (swine flue from a couple years ago) has Hemagluttinin number 5 and Neuraminidase number 1

Yes, H5N1 is an influenza virus, which means it has a protein coat called a capsid surrounding its genetic material. The capsid helps protect the virus and enables it to infect host cells.

Yes, Levaquin (levofloxacin) is effective against a wide range of gram-positive cocci, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is commonly used to treat infections caused by these bacteria.

A virus is technically classified as a non living entity. It can only survive and proliferate upon contact with its host. A virus is an obligate parasite - meaning it cannot survive in the absence of its host. I virus is composed of a smaller genome than a bacteria and has specific and limited functions. Bacteria on the other hand have organelles and other sub cellular structures in their cytoplasm. Certain bacteria are infections to humans. The mode of attack is very different for bacteria and viruses. While bacteria generally release toxins into the body, viruses invade cells, replicate within them and destroy the host genome resulting in cell death

Streptomycin is an antibiotic synthesized by the soil organism Streptomyces griseous. It was discovered by biochemists, Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie in 1943, in America.

Anthrax produces toxins that disrupt the blood clotting process, preventing the formation of clots. The toxins interfere with the body's ability to activate platelets, which are key players in blood clotting. This can lead to excessive bleeding and potentially fatal hemorrhage in severe cases of anthrax infection.

Research on the benefits of grape seed extract for Lyme disease is limited. While grape seed extract may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially help in managing symptoms of Lyme disease, it should not be used as a primary treatment. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment options for Lyme disease.