Napoleonic Wars

Marshall Ney is buried in the Pére Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, officially. There are all sorts of legends about him escaping to America, however, the one that you are refering to is truth: A man calling himself Peter Ney arrived in the USA in 1816 and died in Cleveland, North Carolina, in 1846. His last words were supposed to have been "Bessiéres is dead, the Old Guard is dead; now, please, let me die." and his gravestone does have his name (Peter Stuart Ney) and the words "soldier of the French Revolution under Napoleon Bonaparte" upon it.

France and the United States history goes back to colonial days. Six years after the revolution the toppled Bourbon monarchy dissipated some of the warmth for France. In Feb. of 1793 France viewed Washington's policy as partial to England. It was also regarded as hostile Jay's Treaty of Nov. of 1794 between Britain and America. To overcome this John Adams sent a special mission to Paris in 1797. When the French foreign minister demanded a bribe Adams exposed the episode. This is known as the XYZ affair and 2 years of hostilities at sea a quasi-war followed. It ended Sept. 1800 with the Treaty of Morfontaine which rid the US of the "entangling" French Alliance.

At the same time the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte regained the Louisiana Territory from Spain leading Jefferson to consider war to prevent French control of the Mississippi River, but because of problems Bonaparte's North American plans fell through. To keep Louisiana out of British hands in an approaching war he sold it to the US in April 1803 for 15 million. In their warfare the French infringed on American ships, but less so than the British so in 1812 the United States declared war on Britain and fought as an ally to France. So, Jefferson wasn't neutral in this at all.

They had to face the longing for the ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity, which the French armies had brought about throughout Europe, affecting their subjects, during the Napoleonic wars.

Perhaps the following article I wrote will help explain why I do not consider Islam war-like. After the tragedies of the 11th of September 2001 and the invasion of Iraq many people are arguing that the Qu'ran and Islam itself teaches that a state of endless war exists between Muslims and 'Infidels' (who are usually defined by these folk as being Christians and Jews.)

In support of their arguments they pull quotes from the Qu'ran which seem to support their position, but do they really?

In this article I want to show the deceitful way in which these folk argue, either out of ignorance on their part or from a desire to stir up hatred against folk.

This topic is huge and so I intend here to look at only ONE of the Qu'ranic verses these folk take out of context and it is my intention to place the verse back into context. And then to show, by commentary and quote from the Qu'ran itself, the poverty of the argument which declares that the Qu'ran does indeed teach endless war against unbelievers.

One of the Suras (chapters) of the Qu'ran which are often quoted is the following.

Sura 9:29-30 , "Make War on the Christians and the Jews...Do battle with them!" "Kill those who join other Gods with Allah wherever ye shall find them, and lay wait for them with every kind of ambush: but if they shall convert to Islam then let them go their way."

All of the chapters of the Qu'ran have a context which explains why they were revealed by Muhammad. Here is the context of Sura 9

This chapter of the Qu'ran deals with treaty obligations between the Muslims and the Arab idolaters and also talks about what the Muslims should do if attacked by the People of the Book. The Idolaters had repeatedly broken their treaties of peace with the Muslims and in this Sura they are told what the consequences will be to them for these acts. As well the Jews and Christians are warned of what will happen should they try to intervene in Muslim affairs (verses 29-30)

Now because it is verses 29-30 that are quoted, I add here a commentary by Maulana Muhammad Ali on those specific verses.

". . . 29a. The last word on the wars with the idolaters of Arabia having been said, this verse introduces the subject of fighting with the followers of the Book. . . . The Qu'ran neither required that the idolaters should be compelled to accept Islam, nor was it in any way its object to bring the Christians into subjection. On the other hand, the idolaters wanted to suppress Islam by the sword, and the Christians first moved themselves to bring Muslim Arabia under subjection. The fate of each was, therefore, according to what it intended for the Muslims. . . . It may also be added that the permission to fight, as given to the Muslims, is subject to the condition that the enemy should first take up the sword, Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you (2:190). . . The Holy Prophet never overstepped this limit, nor did his followers. He fought against the Arabs when they took up the sword to destroy the Muslims, and he led an expedition against the Christians when the Roman Empire first mobilised its forces with the object of subjugating the Muslims. And so scrupulous was he that, when he found that the enemy had not yet taken the initiative, he did not attack the Roman Empire, but returned without fighting. . . ."

So then let us look at this Sura with our new understanding of it's context . Note: (The [Shakir] is a reference to the person who translated this version into English.

[Shakir 9:1] (This is a declaration of) immunity by Allah and His Messenger towards those of the idolaters with whom you made an agreement. [9:2] So go about in the land for four months and know that you cannot weaken Allah and that Allah will bring disgrace to the unbelievers. [9:3] And an announcement from Allah and His Messenger to the people on the day of the greater pilgrimage that Allah and His Messenger are free from liability to the idolaters; therefore if you repent, it will be better for you, and if you turn back, then know that you will not weaken Allah; and announce painful punishment to those who disbelieve. [9:4] Except those of the idolaters with whom you made an agreement, then they have not failed you in anything and have not backed up any one against you, so fulfil their agreement to the end of their term; surely Allah loves those who are careful (of their duty).

[9:5] So when the sacred months have passed away, then slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captives and besiege them and lie in wait for them in every ambush, then if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, leave their way free to them; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. [9:6] And if one of the idolaters seek protection from you, grant him protection till he hears the word of Allah, then make him attain his place of safety; this is because they are a people who do not know.

[9:7] How can there be an agreement for the idolaters with Allah and with His Messenger; except those with whom you made an agreement at the Sacred Mosque? So as long as they are true to you, be true to them; surely Allah loves those who are careful (of their duty).[9:8] How (can it be)! while if they prevail against you, they would not pay regard in your case to ties of relationship, nor those of covenant; they please you with their mouths while their hearts do not consent; and most of them are transgressors. [9:9] They have taken a small price for the communications of Allah, so they turn away from His way; surely evil is it that they do. [9:10] They do not pay regard to ties of relationship nor those of covenant in the case of a believer; and these are they who go beyond the limits. [9:11] But if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, they are your brethren in faith; and We make the communications clear for a people who know. [ 9:12] And if they break their oaths after their agreement and (openly) revile your religion, then fight the leaders of unbelief - surely their oaths are nothing - so that they may desist.

[9:13] What! will you not fight a people who broke their oaths and aimed at the expulsion of the Messenger, and they attacked you first; do you fear them? But Allah is most deserving that you should fear Him, if you are believers. [9:14] Fight them, Allah will punish them by your hands and bring them to disgrace, and assist you against them and heal the hearts of a believing people. [9:15] And remove the rage of their hearts; and Allah turns (mercifully) to whom He pleases, and Allah is Knowing, Wise. [9:16] What! do you think that you will be left alone while Allah has not yet known those of you who have struggled hard and have not taken any one as an adherent besides Allah and His Messenger and the believers; and Allah is aware of what you do.

[9:17] The idolaters have no right to visit the mosques of Allah while bearing witness to unbelief against themselves, these it is whose doings are null, and in the fire shall they abide. [9:18] Only he shall visit the mosques of Allah who believes in Allah and the latter day, and keeps up prayer and pays the poor-rate and fears none but Allah; so (as for) these, it may be that they are of the followers of the right course.

[9:19] What! do you make (one who undertakes) the giving of drink to the pilgrims and the guarding of the Sacred Mosque like him who believes in Allah and the latter day and strives hard in Allah's way? They are not equal with Allah; and Allah does not guide the unjust people. [9:20] Those who believed and fled (their homes), and strove hard in Allah's way with their property and their souls, are much higher in rank with Allah; and those are they who are the achievers (of their objects). [9:21] Their Lord gives them good news of mercy from Himself and (His) good pleasure and gardens, wherein lasting blessings shall be theirs; [ 9:22] Abiding therein for ever; surely Allah has a Mighty reward with Him.

[9:23] O you who believe! do not take your fathers and your brothers for guardians if they love unbelief more than belief; and whoever of you takes them for a guardian, these it is that are the unjust. [9:24] Say: If your fathers and your sons and your brethren and your mates and your kinsfolk and property which you have acquired, and the slackness of trade which you fear and dwellings which you like, are dearer to you than Allah and His Messenger and striving in His way, then wait till Allah brings about His command: and Allah does not guide the transgressing people.

[9:25] Certainly Allah helped you in many battlefields and on the day of Hunain, when your great numbers made you vain, but they availed you nothing and the earth became strait to you notwithstanding its spaciousness, then you turned back retreating. [9:26] Then Allah sent down His tranquillity upon His Messenger and upon the believers, and sent down hosts which you did not see, and chastised those who disbelieved, and that is the reward of the unbelievers. [9:27] Then will Allah after this turn (mercifully) to whom He pleases, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful [9:28] O you who believe! the idolaters are nothing but unclean, so they shall not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year; and if you fear poverty then Allah will enrich you out of His grace if He please; surely Allah is Knowing Wise. [ 9:29] Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection.

It is clear then that Sura 9 does not command unlimited war against Idolaters, Jews and Christians but rather allows for a limited, defensive war if & only if the Muslims are attacked.

Any verse in any Scripture can be taken out of context, can be used for the purposes of stirring up hatred and disdain against folk. As Christians we must be above that, we must deal with Muslims in the truth and we cannot do that if we are lifting verses from their sacred writings out of context in order to demonise them.

Paul in his letter to the Corinthians has this to say about the attitude we should have towards the Muslims (and indeed all others)

I Corinthians 13:1 - 8

1 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I have become as sounding brass or a clashing cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and know all mysteries and all knowledge, and though I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3 And though I give away all my possessions to feed the poor, and though I deliver up my body to be burned, but have not love, it profits me nothing.

4 Love is patient, love is kind; love does not envy; love does not boast, is not arrogant; 5 does not behave disgracefully, does not seek its own, is not provoked to anger, thinks no evil; 6 does not rejoice over unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; 7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. 8 Love never fails

I pray that we will show forth this attitude in dealing with others, especially those others who share with us a faith in God.

In the Napoleonic Wars, although it varied from war to war, th opposing sides usually consisted of France and her Allies (if any) versus Britain and her Allies in a Coalition.

hahahahaha GO LEARN? Maybe? just maybe?

You did because you suck at strategy

Impressment was designed to provide the Royal Navy with enough men to man the many ships by using "press gangs". These groups of seamen led by a junior officer or mate would travel to various towns hoping to collect enough men to fill their ship with the required number of crewmen by any means necessary.

He was 22 and was known as Napoleon's Enfante Terrible.

Global trade barriers must be eliminated, international law and respect for human rights must be strengthened, democratic political institutions must be expanded while remaining flexible enough for peoples of different cultures to lead the lives that they want.

When everyone has a strong stake in society, and hope for a peaceful future becomes stronger than resentment for the past, then we will have a non-violent world.

blah didiy blah blah blah and fuzzy shiznit penisland let me see your va... rity of dairy products only if you let me see your pe...ncil collection do you want to have se...ven turtles pull down your ... shower curtain

French about 41.000

Allied about 22.000

The three components are policy (war's element of subordination to rational policy), probability (the play of chance and probability) and passion (primordial violence, hatred, and enmity) .

You don't. At present there is no script to auto war.

In the very first series (the hand-drawn animation), she is voiced by Grey DeLisle. And in the new CGI-animated series and pilot film for the series, she is voiced by Nikka Futterman.

Yes. Historians classify this war as the first modern war. In this war the first Gatling Gun was used, along with hot-air balloons as "airplanes". There were plenty of sneak attack bombings and spies. Believe or not, Women played a HUGE role in the Civil war. they were mostly spies. They also disguised themselves as men to be along side their husbands. They also supervised sanitation habits in the camps.

The anchor man.

Prince Jozef, a Marshal of Austria and France was severely wounded when he threw himself into the Weisse Elster River in Leipzig on 16 October 1813.

During the Napoleonic wars, a French ship was wrecked on the English coast near Hartlepool. The only survivor was a monkey, which was wearing a French uniform (no doubt to provide amusement for those on board the ship). On finding the monkey, some locals decided to hold an impromptu trial on the beach. Since the monkey was unable to answer their questions they decided it was a French spy. It was sentenced to death and hanged from the mast of a fishing boat. To this day it has remained a source of embarrassment to the inhabitants of Hartlepool, a minority of whom consider the term "Monkey-hanger" offensive. (Answer from Wikipedia)

Hartlepool have since became known for the stupid mistake that had been made and therefore have to pay. The monkey had no choice on its future of life and therefore it was unfair and the wrong thing to do.

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It was never a monkey. Little boys who lived on war ships at the time were called powder monkeys. These children ran the gun powder from the magazine to the cannons. The story is about a French child who washed up ashore and the local fisherman thought he was a French spy. Any French man, woman or child to be found walking the coast line of England at the time would of bin hanged too. People from Hartlepool have mixed reactions to being called monkey hangers. The local football teams mascot is H'angus the monkey and the Mayor campaigned in a monkey suit and won.

He was a France rule who tried to take over other countries.

A series of wars that erupted in 1803 and didn't end until 1815. Despite being called the "Napoleonic Wars", Napoleon was not responsibile for its outbreak. In 1803 Britain broke the Treaty of Amiens and declared war on France. The primary Coalition powers were Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, although all of them switches sides at some point. Minor powers were Spain, Denmark-Norway, and various German and Italian states.

At Waterloo the Allies of the Seventh Coalition were victorious.

The allies were mainly from the Low Countries, Prussia and Britain.

The Napoleonic Wars ended with Napoleon's exile to St. Helena after the Battle of Waterloo.

Both sides remained fundamentally unsatisfied with the terms of the Peace of Amiens and the other settlement they signed in 1801 and 1802.

Great Britain had good reasons for being dissatisfied with the international situation in being after the Treaty of Amiens, that is:

1- it became soon evident that Napoleon was resolute to bar the British influence on the continent by all means, open or hidden;

2 - Great Britain tried to negotiate a new commercial treaty between the two countries, but the proposal had been rejected by France;

3 - France kept de facto the control over Antwerp and the Scheldt Estuary'were two vital places for the British security, which Great Britain, since from the medieval times, couldn't "tolerate" of being dominated or easily bound to fall under the rule of a potentially hostile country;

4 - claiming various excuses Napoleon carried out between 1801 and 1802 the occupation or the veiled control, one after the other, of Piedmont, the Elba, Parma, Switzerland and the Netherlands. In so doing he made Great Britain aware that Napoleon's territorial ambitions were far for being satisfied and that attitude was leading to set up a real threat to the British trade markets on the continent;

5 - thanks to the somewhat lenient condition of peace afforded, France was restored to its rank of naval power in the Mediterranean and as a colonial power especially in the Caribbean. That opened the gate to Napoleon's initiatives in those fields, like the military expedition to Haiti, the sell of the Louisiana territories to the United States, the renewed French aims towards the Syria and last but not least the announced French expedition to India which hurt the relevant British interests and raised the friction between the two countries.

In March 1803, the situation evolved to an escalation that would led to the war, despite the sincere tentatives of the French Minister of the Foreign Affairs Talleyrand to find out a compromise which would save the peace:

- on May 10,1803, the British Prime Minister Addington, well aware that Napoleon was not yet ready for the war sent a virtual ultimatum to France;

- the French government reacted by the mobilization of 160,000 men to be deployed on the coast of the English Channel;

- Great Britain ordered the "embargo" upon all French ships standing in the British ports;

- Napoleon replied ordering all British subjects resident in France and its satellite countries or in transit through were to be arrested;

- On may 15 1803, France declared war on Great Britain, firing the first shots against a British frigate, when a French convoy in the Channel met her by chance.