Operating Systems

Application software & System Software.

Computer Literacy

1. Free space management.

2. Storage allocation.

3. Disk scheduling.

Your Welcome.

CPU is main part of computer,or it is brain of computer,CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

The CPU also know as, Processor, central processor,microprocessor,it is a brain of computer.

Multi processor & time-sliced

Hey! I thought there is an answer here..

I expected too much.

A small software routine placed into a program that provides a common function. Stubs are used for different reasons. For example, a stub might be installed in a client computer, and a counterpart installed on a server, where both are required to resolve some protocol. For example in a remote procedure call (RPC) Stubs are compiled and linked with the client application, instead of containing the actual code that implements the remote procedure. The stub contains just enough code to allow it to be compiled and linked with the rest of a program. Stubs are often used as placeholders for a routine.

Because the operating system concepts are as huge as a dinosour.. :)

All of the information needed to keep track of a process when switching is kept in a data package called process control block.s

A PCB is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process.

The PCB is the manifestation of a process in an operating system,

acheive efficiency

P&id

supervisors

Operating systems are not installed on motherboards. Operating systems are installed on storage media or in some kind of memory including read only memory, which can be part of motherboard.

The standard operating systems that work on most Personal Computer motherboards, that include an Intel compatible CPU, includes versions of Microsoft Windows, Linux, Oracle Solaris and other version of unix,

all of the above

SJhortest job First

So far only Service Pack 1 was released.

This is an alternate view about the services performed by the OS. The OS system provides an orderly and controlled allocation of the processors, memories and I/O devices. When a computer has multiple users the need for managing and protecting the memory, I/O devices and other devices is greater. Thus the primary task of OS is to keep track of who is using which resource, to grant resource requests, to mediate conflicting requests from different programs etc. Resource management includes multiplexing resources in two ways - "in time" and "in space". (i)When a resource is time multiplexed different programs or different users gets their turn to use that resource. eg: Printer. (ii)When a resource is space multiplexed instead of taking turns, the resource is shared among them, ie each one gets a part of the resource. eg: Sharing main memory, hard disk etc.

An operating system that allows users to run interactive programs. Pretty much all operating systems that are on PCs are interactive OS's

There are two distinct models of thread controls, and they are user-level threads and kernel-level threads. The thread function library to implement user-level threads usually runs on top of the system in user mode. Thus, these threads within a process are invisible to the operating system. User-level threads have extremely low overhead, and can achieve high performance in computation. However, using the blocking system calls like read(), the entire process would block. Also, the scheduling control by the thread runtime system may cause some threads to gain exclusive access to the CPU and prevent other threads from obtaining the CPU. Finally, access to multiple processors is not guaranteed since the operating system is not aware of existence of these types of threads. On the other hand, kernel-level threads will guarantee multiple processor access but the computing performance is lower than user-level threads due to load on the system. The synchronization and sharing resources among threads are still less expensive than multiple-process model, but more expensive than user-level threads. Thus, user-level thread is better than kernel level thread.

A race condition can occur where a resource that was being waited upon by two data structures/processes is released and both processes try to access it simultaneously. It can also happen where the processor has to assign a unique process ID to two processes that have created at the same time.

Non-parity memory is memory without parity. Parity memory is memory with extra bits, sometimes one, sometimes more, that accompany the word. These extra parity bits are generated to a known value, typically to make the total number of bits on that word even or odd. When the word is retrieved, the parity bits are compared against what they should be. If they are different, then one or more of the bits in the original word or in the parity bits must have changed. This is an error condition that can be trapped. In a multiple parity bit system, the calculation of the bits allows not only for the detection of a changed bit, but also for the identification of which bit changed. This is known as ECC parity, or Error-Correcting-Code. Often, you can detect and correct any one bit error, and you can detect, but not correct, any two bit error. Since random bits changes are rare, those that do occur are usually one bit errors, making ECC parity valuable for high reliability systems such as servers.

Stenographers transcribe proceedings, usually in the legal or medical areas. They must learn to use abbreviated language so they can transcribe verbal proceedings rapidly. They must also be able to proofread their transcriptions.

unicode or ansic