Optical Communications

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Fiber optic cables use wavelengths of visible light to transmit data. (Some use infrared as well.) They use red and above with the higher wavelengths being of higher speed and quality. The higher the wavelengths of light used, the more expensive the equipment is.

Answer

You can try to remember what brought the two of you together, buy her flowers once in a while, or once a week, they aren't that expensive and one red rose would do. Take her out, praise her to the heavens, tell her that above all you love her. Believe me that will help keep the fires burning. No woman I've ever met didn't like to receive flowers and to be told she was loved and appreciated.

1. Copper wire twisted pair and coax lines act like a lumped LC low pass filter, strongly limiting bandwidth.
2. Microwave waveguides and transmission are limited by microwave frequency used.
3. Fiber optics uses IR or visible spectrum allowing wider modulation bandwidth than microwave can. Also different beams can follow different paths through the fiber without interfering, allowing a form of multiplexing not usable with other media.

Only the frequency of the communications carrier. Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of 3 gigahertz to 300 gigahertz. Electromagnetic radiation above those frequencies are considered "optical" even though you can see only a small percentage of them with your eyes.

You wouldn't be able to talk the same way you do now. People who have that operation are often given a small box-like device to hold against their neck when they want to talk. The sound is different but you can understand what they are trying to say.

It is not during class that they focus on there cell phones it is after or between classes

From my experiences its done casually by a majority of students in classrooms. As in every 10 or so minutes they check their phone reply to a text then do work. The 5 minutes they give you to get to class doesnt really give you time to text(Walking and texting at same time = bad). (Source white school in canada)

Nothing

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I think they are America, China and Japan.

mobibe sopping

Frequently Asked Questions - Electronics Engg.

1. Insights of an inverter. Explain the working? 2. Insights of a 2 input NOR gate. Explain the working? 3. Insights of a 2 input NAND gate. Explain the working? 4. Implement F= not (AB+CD) using CMOS gates? 5. Insights of a pass gate. Explain the working? 6. Why do we need both PMOS and NMOS transistors to implement a pass gate? 7. What does the above code synthesize to? 8. Cross section of a PMOS transistor? 9. Cross section of an NMOS transistor? 10. What is a D-latch? Write the VHDL Code for it? 11. Differences between D-Latch and D flip-flop? 12. Implement D flip-flop with a couple of latches? Write a VHDL Code for a D flip-flop? 13. What is latchup? Explain the methods used to prevent it? 14. What is charge sharing? 15. While using logic design, explain the various steps that r followed to obtain the desirable design in a well defined manner? 16. Why is OOPS called OOPS? (C++) 17. What is a linked list? Explain the 2 fields in a linked list? 18. Implement a 2 I/P and gate using Tran gates? 19. Insights of a 4bit adder/Sub Circuit? 20. For f = AB+CD if B is S-a-1, what r the test vectors needed to detect the fault? 21. Explain various adders and diff between them? 22. Explain the working of 4-bit Up/down Counter? 23. A circuit has 1 input X and 2 outputs A and B. If X = HIGH for 4 clock ticks, A = 1. If X = LOW for 4 clock ticks, B = 1. Draw a state diagram for this Spec? 24. Advantages and disadvantages of Mealy and Moore? 25. Id vs. Vds Characteristics of NMOS and PMOS transistors? 26. Explain the operation of a 6T-SRAM cell? 27. Differences between DRAM and SRAM? 28. Implement a function with both ratioed and domino logic and merits and demerits of each logic? 29. Given a circuit and asked to tell the output voltages of that circuit? 30. How can you construct both PMOS and NMOS on a single substrate? 31. What happens when the gate oxide is very thin? 32. What is setup time and hold time? 33. Write a pseudo code for sorting the numbers in an array? 34. What is pipelining and how can we increase throughput using pipelining? 35. Explain about stuck at fault models, scan design, BIST and IDDQ testing? 36. What is SPICE? 37. Differences between IRSIM and SPICE? 38. Differences between netlist of HSPICE and Spectre? 39. What is FPGA? 40. Draw the Cross Section of an Inverter? Clearly show all the connections between M1 and poly, M1 and diffusion layers etc? 41. Draw the Layout of an Inverter? 42. If the current thru the poly is 20nA and the contact can take a max current of 10nA how would u overcome the problem? 43. Implement F = AB+C using CMOS gates? 44. Working of a 2-stage OPAMP? 45. 6-T XOR gate? 46. Differences between blocking and Non-blocking statements in Verilog? 47. Differences between Signals and Variables in VHDL? If the same code is written using Signals and Variables what does it synthesize to? 48. Differences between functions and Procedures in VHDL? 49. What is component binding? 50. What is polymorphism? (C++) 51. What is hot electron effect? 52. Define threshold voltage? 53. Factors affecting Power Consumption on a chip? 54. Explain Clock Skew? 55. Why do we use a Clock tree? 56. Explain the various Capacitances associated with a transistor and which one of them is the most prominent? 57. Explain the Various steps in Synthesis? 58. Explain ASIC Design Flow? 59. Explain Custom Design Flow? 60. Why is Extraction performed? 61. What is LVS, DRC? 62. Who provides the DRC rules? 63. What is validation? 64. What is Cross Talk? 65. Different ways of implementing a comparator? 66. What r the phenomenon which come into play when the devices are scaled to the sub-micron lengths? 67. What is clock feed through? 68. Implement an Inverter using a single transistor? 69. What is Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling? 70. Insights of a Tri-state inverter? 71. If an/ap = 0.5, an/ap = 1, an/ap = 3, for 3 inverters draw the transfer characteristics? 72. Differences between Array and Booth Multipliers? 73. Explain the concept of a Clock Divider Circuit? Write a VHDL code for the same? 74. Which gate is normally preferred while implementing circuits using CMOS logic, NAND or NOR? Why? 75. Insights of a Tri-State Inverter? 76. Basic Stuff related to Perl? 77. Have you studied buses? What types? 78. Have you studied pipelining? List the 5 stages of a 5 stage pipeline. Assuming 1 clock per stage, what is the latency of an instruction in a 5 stage machine? What is the throughput of this machine ? 79. How many bit combinations are there in a byte? 80. For a single computer processor computer system, what is the purpose of a processor cache and describe its operation? 81. Explain the operation considering a two processor computer system with a cache for each processor. 82. What are the main issues associated with multiprocessor caches and how might you solve them? 83. Explain the difference between write through and write back cache. 84. Are you familiar with the term MESI? 85. Are you familiar with the term snooping? 86. Describe a finite state machine that will detect three consecutive coin tosses (of one coin) that results in heads. 87. In what cases do you need to double clock a signal before presenting it to a synchronous state machine? 88. You have a driver that drives a long signal & connects to an input device. At the input device there is either overshoot, undershoot or signal threshold violations, what can be done to correct this problem? 89. What are the total number of lines written by you in C/C++? What is the most complicated/valuable program written in C/C++? 90. What compiler was used? 91. What is the difference between = and in C? 16. Are you familiar with VHDL and/or Verilog? 17. What types of CMOS memories have you designed? What were their size? Speed? 18. What work have you done on full chip Clock and Power distribution? What process technology and budgets were used? 19. What types of I/O have you designed? What were their size? Speed? Configuration? Voltage requirements? 20. Process technology? What package was used and how did you model the package/system? What parasitic effects were considered? 21. What types of high speed CMOS circuits have you designed? 22. What transistor level design tools are you proficient with? What types of designs were they used on? 23. What products have you designed which have entered high volume production? 24. What was your role in the silicon evaluation/product ramp? What tools did you use? 25. If not into production, how far did you follow the design and why did not you see it into production?

optical fibre milatary applications

An objective type of question on optical fiber is on that focuses on the integral part of fiber optic. A good question would be, " Why are optical fibers immune to EMI? "

To contact with the remote persons

One of the advantages of optical fiber is that it is NOT susceptible to cross-talk.

Because the people used envirement to meet their needs.

One of the most common example would be the use of water. Water will always become the central of every population because we both need it to sustain our living and the living of other organisms that will become our food

You need to know the data for the single mode fiber transmistter and receiver losses. This is prinicpally based on the type of laser transmitter or receiver you are using. Then you perform the optical loss link budget calculation. You don't care about noise in the equation. You just know your power output in db, calculate all your db losses in the link to include receiver losses and determine if you have the necessary loss budget maintained-which is 3db.

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