Ottoman Empire

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Non-Muslims, like Christians, who lived in the Ottoman Empire were called Dhimmi, or second-class citizens. They lacked a number of fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, freedom of settlement, access to all occupations, and additional taxation because they were Non-Muslim. Each Dhimmi group, like the Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and so forth were organized into Millets which were community representative groups. Each Millet would report to a centralized Millet representative in Istanbul who would have direct dealing with the Imperial Palace. This would allow the Millets to air their grievances, but was more often used as a method to control the Millets and make them less resistive to Ottoman Occupation.

Admittedly, life under the Ottomans was far superior to most contemporaneous Empires. Spain was by far a more religiously and culturally intolerant place during this period as were France and England.

Finally, the Ottomans' most egregious crime was the policy of devşirme, where Christian families in the Balkans region had to submit to Ottoman soldiers stealing their children to bring to them to Istanbul where they would have no contact with their parents for years and be trained to be the elite Janissary Core and be converted to Islam. No Muslim was even allowed to join the Janissaries because the devşirme system was so effective in producing recruits loyal only to the Emperor because they feared him.

Istanbul

Ottoman taxes and restrictions on trade in its territory encouraged Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia.

Nobody wants to resurrect the Ottoman Empire per se. Turkey's current foreign policy is seen as the "New Ottoman Empire" since Turkey is trying to reach out in a dominant position diplomatically to former Ottoman countries. However, Turks are quite happy with the way the current democracy works.

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Well, there was no ottoman macedonia. What is refered to as the regional Macedonia most often is the enlarged roman province of Macedonia, during Ottoman times this region were in fact 3 different regions.

As for expiration, it won't expire as there is no time limit to treaties as they are replaced by new ones or ripped up through war. And further the treaty of Bucharest is irrelevant due to the first world war and the treaty of Versaille replacing it.

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Bursa was the capital of the Ottoman Empire for 39 years, from 1326-1365.

The ruling party broke up into quarreling factions. Corruption and theft caused

The Ottoman Empire was established by Osman I in 1299.

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Austria-Hungary and Russia intervened in the Ottoman Empire's domestic problems in order to expand their Empires and strategic alliances. The Balkan countries intervened in the Ottoman Empire's problems in order to gain proper independence.

This meddling was occurring in the 19th century when Austria-Hungary and Russia proper were powerful countries that had no major territories under Ottoman control. (They both acquired Ottoman territories later, but these were external regions like the Ukraine or Croatia which are separate nations today.) In 1800, Greece, Crete, Serbia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria were all territories of the Ottoman Empire whose people were just beginning to achieve national consciousness and trying to organize their various ethnic groups into one contiguous homeland.

It depends on where the conversion took place in the Ottoman Empire and the individual converting. Of course, there are the Islamic claims that hold that Christians discovered that Islam was the correct religion and desirable for society, leading to conversion However, there are reasons for conversion from Christianity to Islam away from the merits.

Forcible Conversion
In the Ottoman Empire there was the practice of Devshirme, ripping innocent Christian boys and girls away from their families to serve the Sultan and be forcibly converted Islam. The parents would have no choice as to whether their children would be deprived from them at the tender age of five years. It was a tax. The women would grow up to be part of the Sultan's harem. While they served the Sultan, each woman could hope that her son would be chosen as the Crown Prince and she could have court rights, but she could never hope to have rights to her own body. The men were educated in the arts of war and diplomacy. The ones of who were more physically capable would become the feared shock-troops of the Ottoman Empire: the Janissaries. Those more skilled in diplomacy would be the ministers of the Sultan's court. Aside from a serious incident of forcible conversion, the practice of Devshirme is a clear violation of a person's inalienable right to family.

To Escape Dhimmi Status
Non-Muslims who lived in the Ottoman Empire were called Dhimmi, or second-class citizens. They lacked a number of fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, freedom of settlement, access to all occupations, and additional taxation because they were Non-Muslim. Each Dhimmi group, like the Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and so forth were organized into Millets which were community representative groups. Each Millet would report to a centralized Millet representative in Istanbul who would have direct dealing with the Imperial Palace. This would allow the Millets to air their grievances, but was more often used as a method to control the Millets and make them less resistive to Ottoman Occupation.

Admittedly, life under the Ottomans was far superior to most contemporaneous Empires. Spain was by far a more religiously and culturally intolerant place during this period as were France and England.

However, if such a person converted to Islam, all of these inequalities would drop away. Islamic States have historically created a set of benefits that only Muslims could partake, making a choice to be Muslim tied to choices about economic viability (which trades you could work - especially in government) or tied to choices of social standing. These would strongly weight the choice and produce a steady stream of converts by their very nature.

Leadership
Most positions in the Ottoman political leadership were restricted to Muslims only. This encouraged conversion as a method of gaining more prestigious government offices.

The Balkans had numerous different ethnic groups that were inspired by the waves of romanticism and nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century. This led to numerous revolts across the Balkans, from Romania to Bulgaria to Greece and throughout Yugoslavia, all of which were Ottoman territories. The Ottomans proved both socially and militarily incapable or restraining these revolts.

The Crimean revealed the Ottoman Empires military weakness. Without aid from other nations they couldn't win the war. After the Crimean war the Ottoman Empire went on to lose land leading to its decline.

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OTTMAN EMPIRE......[IM PRETTY SURE BUT I DONT REALLY KNOW FOR SURE BUT I LOOKED IT UP AND THERE IS LIKE A THOUSAND OF EMPIRES THAT COLLASPED.BUT THIS IS THE ONLY GREAT ONE!!!]

The Ottoman system for recruiting Christian slaves from the Balkans for the creation of the Janissaries (physically strong boys), Bureaucrats (mentally strong boys), and Harem Women (girls) was Devşirme.

Russia was not defeated by the Ottomans in World War I, it withdrew from the war because of losses primarily on the Eastern Front with the German Empire (Second Reich).

The way that the Russians are involved in the Armenian Genocide is tangential and requires an understanding of Ottoman history in the late 1800s. The Ottoman Empire in this period was decrepit and ineffective. That, combined with a strong rise of nationalism among the various peoples in the Ottoman Empire resulted in numerous minorities within the Ottoman Empire asserting independence. These minorities were ethno-religious groups and had been organized by the Ottomans as Millets. There was a Greek Orthodox Millet, an Eastern Orthodox Millet, a Jewish Millet, etc. All of the Millets rose up in one part of the Empire or another, resulting in the Yugoslav States, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania. The only Millet that did not rise up against the Ottomans was the Armenians.

While the Ottoman Empire was weak, it was not powerless and moved to crush many of these Millet uprisings. Seeing a common history in Eastern Orthodoxy, Russia reached out to protect Serbia and Montenegro when they fought for independence. Russia similarly reached out to help the Bulgarians. (Britain and France helped out the Greeks for other reasons). There was a fear among the Ottomans that the Armenians were going to leverage the Russians for assistance in their own attempt for independence based on shared Christian religion as the Russians had helped the Serbs and Bulgarians. The theoretical Armenian State would take up the eastern third of Anatolia. Even though the Armenians never sought out Russian aide or assistance, the Ottoman authorities decided to work proactively and ethnically cleanse much of eastern Anatolia of Armenians to prevent an Armenian state. This ethnic cleansing is the Armenian Genocide.

1. the shrewdness of its founder Osman( from which the name Ottoman comes) and his dexcendants. 2.control of a strategic link between Europe and Asia at Gallipoli on the Dardanelles strait 3. the creation of an army that took advantage of the traditional skills of the Turkish cavalryman and new military possibilities presented by gunpowder and Christian prisoners of war

By conquering Byzantine territories.

suleiman executed his son because he was a threat to his throne.

The Ottoman Empire was on the side of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire).

Japan was on the side of the Allies (France, England, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Belgium, Italy, Romania, the United States, Japan, Portugal, Brazil, and Greece).