Particle Physics

An isotope is defined as:

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element

So basically, an isotope is from the same place (element) and has the same number of protons, but the number of electrons differ.

So isotopes are not subatomic; the protons and electrons that make an isotope are subatomic.

The early theories of Bohr and Sommerfeld treated the electrons as orbiting particles and applied a quantum flavour to this simple idea. Sommerfelds contribution was to quantize angular momentum which allowed for ellipical orbits. The combined ideas of Bohr and Sommerfeld are often called the Bohr - Sommerfeld model. Later work by Schroedinger Dirac and others laid the foundations of the modern understanding of atomic structure electrons treating them as particles that follow a probabilistic wave function. The concept of an "orbit" circular or elliptical is not part of modern theory.

The charge of an electron in zeets is approximately -1.602 x 10^-19 zeets. This value indicates the negative charge carried by an electron.

No, because the orbital is really just an abraction - the electron isn't racing around the orbital like a racecar, so there isn't a speed.

The orbital is a better measure of the electrons potential energy.

Neutrons are neutral particles, so they do not carry any electric charge. Ionization occurs when an atom gains or loses an electron, which requires the presence of charged particles. Since neutrons do not have a charge, they do not interact with electrons in a way that leads to ionization of gases.

The net speed of electrons in a typical wire carrying electric current is quite slow, averaging only a few millimeters per hour. This is due to the fact that while individual electrons move quite fast due to electric fields, they also experience numerous collisions with atoms in the conductor which slows down their net progress.

The electron is a subatomic particle that has a charge of -1.

as far as i know aluminum is a molecule not an atom.

The aluminum atom has a valence of 3, what its chemical structure is depends on what it combines with.

Proton and neutron.

In CH4 molecule, the Carbon atom initially has four valence electrons, which are all used to form covalent bonds with the four Hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen atom has only one valence electron, which is also used to form bonds with Carbon.

Overally, there is no valence lone pair of electron in a molecule of CH4

No, the Large Hadron Collider has not destroyed the world. It is a scientific instrument used to study high-energy particle physics and has undergone extensive safety assessments. The experiments conducted at the LHC have contributed to our understanding of fundamental particles and forces in the universe.

The addition of electron shells results in more shielding of electrons from the nucleus.

The first particle accelerator was invented by physicist Ernest Orlando Lawrence in 1931. He developed the cyclotron, which used magnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a circular path. Lawrence's invention revolutionized experimental physics and led to many important discoveries in the field of particle physics.

Yes. German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first machine in 1931 in Germany. It didn't outperform the best optical microscopes, but it served to demonstrate the ideas. A couple of years later, Ernst Ruska (working for Siemens in one of their German locations) built an electron microscope that surpassed the resolution limits of an optical microscope. Wikipedia has a nice article on the history of the electron microscope, and a link is provided to that post. You'll find it below.

one MeV has 1,000,000 eVs

So one eV has 0.000001 MeVs

The neutron yield of an AmBe neutron source facility can be increased by using higher activity sources (more Am-241 and Be) or by optimizing the geometry and shielding to enhance the neutron output. Additionally, increasing the energy of the incident particles (alpha particles from the Am-241 decay) can also boost the neutron yield.

The Heseinberg's Uncertainty Principle states that you cannot know the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously. More rigorously stated, the product of the uncertainty of the position of a particle (Δx) and the uncertainty of its momentum (Δp) must be greater than a specified value:

∆x∆p ≥ (h/4π)

Now, as the electron approaches the nucleus, it's uncertainty in position decreases (if the electron is 10nm away from the nucleus, it could be anywhere within a spherical shell of radius 10nm, but if the electron is only 0.1nm away from the nucleus, that area is greatly reduced). According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, if you decrease the uncertainty of the electrons position, the uncertainty in its momentum must increase. This increased momentum uncertainty means that the electron will be moving away from the nucleus faster, on average.

Put another way, if we do know that at one instant, that the electron is right on top of the nucleus, we lose all information about where the electron will be at the next instant. It could stay at the nucleus, it could be slightly to the left or to the right, or it could very likely be very far away from the nucleus. Therefore, because of the uncertainty principle it is impossible for the electron to fall into the nucleus and stay in the nucleus.

In essence, the uncertainty principle causes a sort of quantum repulsion that keeps electrons from being too tightly localized near the nucleus.

Solid particles have the least kinetic energy, followed by liquid particles, and then gas particles. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions with minimal movement, while in liquids, particles have more energy and can move around each other. Gas particles have the highest kinetic energy, as they move rapidly and have more freedom of motion.

Mass of electron is about 1837 times less than the mass of proton

Yes, although it is believed by some that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will create a black hole that will destroy the Earth, this is an incorrect fact. Although it is possible for the LHC to create a black hole, it would be so small (due to the fact that it was made by only two protons smashing into each other) that it would only be there fore one octillionth of a second... which is not long enough for it to consume anything

Gravitational

Electromagnetic

Weak Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

No. That's probably made up by yourself, or by whichever friend told you about it.

No. That's probably made up by yourself, or by whichever friend told you about it.

No. That's probably made up by yourself, or by whichever friend told you about it.

No. That's probably made up by yourself, or by whichever friend told you about it.