Science Experiments

B.F. Skinner was a renowned psychologist known for his work in behaviorism and operant conditioning. His major accomplishments include developing the Skinner Box, a device used to study animal behavior, and identifying principles like reinforcement and punishment that shape behavior. Some of his well-known experiments include the Skinner Box experiments with rats and pigeons, which demonstrated how behaviors can be reinforced and shaped through consequences.

Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect an underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.

René Descartes was a philosopher and mathematician who is best known for his statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). He believed in the power of reason and rational thought as the foundation for knowledge. Descartes also made significant contributions to the fields of geometry and metaphysics.

Stanley Milgram's hypothesis for the obedience experiment was that ordinary people would obey the instructions from an authority figure to administer electric shocks to a learner, even if it went against their conscience. He wanted to test how far individuals would go in following orders, regardless of the consequences.

IQ is a result of the interactions of many parts and the history of the brain or how it's "wired". However we don't yet know exactly how it works. But in principle it should be possible and some brain surgery arguably does improve the function of the brain.

Guarding against hidden or unexpected variables is important to ensure the reliability and validity of study results. These variables can introduce bias and confound the relationships between variables of interest, leading to inaccurate conclusions. By identifying and controlling for these variables, researchers can improve the quality and credibility of their findings.

i think its about which kind do you use and where u get it from.

because if u get it from a dollar store and it not clear its the colored hand sanitizer i don't think that reduce the amount of bacteria on your hands.

but if u get it from like Wall mart and its clear the original that probably works but other then that I don't know.

Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, is credited with using the method of introspection to scientifically identify the basic elements of the mind. Through introspection, he aimed to study the conscious experiences of individuals and break them down into their constituent parts.

The ability to taste spiciness comes from sensors on the tip and edges of the tongue. These sensors detect the presence of capsaicin, the compound responsible for the sensation of heat in spicy foods.

Women can be as good as man. It is obvious that their contribution to psychology would help it evolve faster. There are a lot of women who are working in the field and if we consider psychotherapy, I suppose there are more women then man.

september 12 , 1993

Control groups are important because if you didn't have them you could not tell if the test is effect or not. For example. if testing a new medication on mice and you have three different levels (doses) and all of the mice get better, you still can not say that the decreased symptoms is due to the medication because there is no control group. The control group in this particular example would measure the effects of time. Without it you can not tell if the mice got better due to the medication, or if time alone cured the mice.

Does this help?

First thing is, you need a controlled evironment. Something you can keep the same, so no outside influences can interupt your test. A soundproof room for example. You could place a person in the room and introduce something to see the reaction, like an object or food or a sound even.

The Monkey Banana and Water Spray Experiment

The experiment is not real.

A vaguely similar experiment by Stephenson (1966) is often quoted as if it supports the story, but it does not. The results of that real experiment do not in any way support the "herd mentality" moral of the story; in some cases, they actively contradicts it.

This is how it is commonly told:

"The Experiment- Part 1

5 monkeys are locked in a cage, a banana was hung from the ceiling and a ladder was placed right underneath it.

As predicted, immediately, one of the monkeys would race towards the ladder, to grab the banana. However, as soon as he would start to climb, the researcher would spray the monkey with ice-cold water.

but here's the kicker- In addition, he would also spray the other four monkeys.

When a second monkey tried to climb the ladder, the researcher would, again, spray the monkey with ice-cold water, As well as the other four watching monkeys;

This was repeated again and again until they learned their lesson

Climbing equals scary cold water for EVERYONE so No One Climbs the ladder.

The Experiment- Part 2

Once the 5 monkeys knew the drill, the researcher replaced one of the monkeys with a new inexperienced one. As predicted, the new monkey spots the banana, and goes for the ladder. BUT, the other four monkeys, knowing the drill, jumped on the new monkey and beat him up. The beat up new guy thus Learns- NO going for the ladder and No Banana Period- without even knowing why! and also without ever being sprayed with water!

These actions get repeated with 3 more times, with a new monkey each time and ASTONISHINGLY each new monkey- who had never received the cold-water Spray himself (and didn't even know anything about it), would Join the beating up of the New guy.

This is a classic example of Mob Mentality- bystanders and outsiders uninvolved with the fight- join in 'just because'.

When the researcher replaced a third monkey, the same thing happened; likewise for the fourth until, eventually, all the monkeys had been replaced and none of the original ones are left in the cage (that had been sprayed by water).

The Experiment- Part 3

Again, a new monkey was introduced into the cage. It ran toward the ladder only to get beaten up by the others. The monkey turns with a curious face asking "why do you beat me up when I try to get the banana?"

The other four monkeys stopped and looked at each other puzzled (None of them had been sprayed and so they really had no clue why the new guy can't get the banana) but it didn't matter, it was too late, the rules had been set. And So, although they didn't know WHY, they beat up the monkey just because " that's the way we do things around here"

There is no evidence that that this experiment ever took place. An experiment was done in 1966 that involved pairs of monkeys but the results are irrelevant to the above story. Some of the results actually contradict the story: in some pairs, the new monkey behaved so fearlessly around the object that the first monkey learned to lose their fear of it altogether.

Sources:

Stephenson, G. R. (1967). Cultural acquisition of a specific learned response among rhesus monkeys. In: Starek, D., Schneider, R., and Kuhn, H. J. (eds.), Progress in Primatology, Stuttgart: Fischer, pp. 279-288.

Mentioned in: Galef, B. G., Jr. (1976). Social Transmission of Acquired Behavior: A Discussion of Tradition and Social Learning in Vertebrates. In: Rosenblatt, J.S., Hinde, R.A., Shaw, E. and Beer, C. (eds.), Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 6, New York: Academic Press, pp. 87-88:

He meant that you can't trust your 5 senses to know that what you see/hear etc is real, and if you are really here right now. Your senses can mislead you in how the world looks (eg colour blindness) and you might not be here at all (eg dreaming - or imagine being inside 'the matrix' - how would you know you were in a false reality when everything seems real?) 'I think therefore I am' was Descartes' way of saying that your own consciousness was the only evidence that you exist, as you must exist somewhere and in some state to be thinking. Everything else around you could be an illusion.

An experiment involves intentionally manipulating variables to observe the effect on a phenomenon, while an observation involves simply witnessing and recording a phenomenon without intervention. Experiments aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships, whereas observations focus on describing and documenting patterns or behaviors.

To be valid, an experiment must not include bias, confounding variables, or unreliable measures in order to accurately assess the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

Population size can affect resource availability, infrastructure demands, environmental sustainability, and social dynamics in a region. It can also impact economic growth, competition for jobs, and strain on social services. Balancing population growth with resources and infrastructure development is essential for sustainable development.

over population causes the species to eat so much it completely devours its main food. since they have nothing to eat the species dies out. a chain reaction happen that wipes out the species whole ecosystem.

Bias is hard to identify in ourselves because it is unconscious, and we do not recognize it when we see it. And so we believe it when we say "Well I've got nothing against these people, personally, if they behave properly. "

But whenever we are offended by the demeanor or comportment of others who are minding their own business and not hurting anyone, it is because of a bias we have.

Bias in others is hard to identify because it often passes for impartial judgment, especially in the form of "conventional wisdom." It's as hard for them to see as our own bias is for us, and pointing it out to them will not always help people overcome it.

Scripture-based bias is of course unassailable, and cannot be identified.

The first line of the included link provides clues to the usefulness of imagination and how it shapes both how we learn and epiphany. Thought experiments are devices of the imagination used to investigate the nature of things. Everyone is capable of contributing through their own insight into "using your head is the key to solving anything" as expounded by the online think tank at the Hedtke Institute.

In an experiment, data is collected to support or refute a hypothesis. This data is used to draw conclusions about the relationship between variables being studied and to make inferences about the broader population or phenomena being investigated. The information gathered helps researchers understand the factors influencing the outcome of the experiment and contributes to the body of scientific knowledge in that particular field.

A thought experiment isn't an experiment really, so does not compete with physical experiments. It is more of one way scientists explore ideas with each other by posing hypothetical situations. The advantage of that is that it is free to do, the only equipment it requires is a mind, and even the most impossible experiments can be proposed. e.g. "What would happen if Saturn were moved to Mar's orbit?"

The experiments Asch conducted showed that the majority of candidates conformed. Some insisted that they didn't realize they were conforming. It shows that if you conform to group pressure, you don't stand out, and just becoming one of them can easily cause you to fall into a trap of being wrong.