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South Africa History
South African history stretches back to the Khoisan tribes. Since then Europeans, Indians, and Chinese soon arrived in the country. White South Africans are of European descents, while Modern-day South Africans are a mixture of nationalities.
610 Questions
Did slaves ever try to escape in groups?
Most were prisoners of war in one of the many ongoing tribal conflicts, sold to the slave traders to get them off of the chief's hands and make a profit from them, while also keeping them from returning to their own tribe. A few were hunted and captured like large game animals.
Similarities between Indian pastrolists and massai herders?
they lost their land to colonial powers. , their land was transformed into cultivable land. , the movement was restricted.
Why heritage controversial and debated?
Because the Africaans became landlord of all the land and the Black People did not have a right to own and therefore could not pass it on to succeding generations.
What were the justifications of slavery prior to the eighteenth century?
The justifications of slavery during the eighteenth century were little to none until close to the end. Slavery was not a subject that was questioned whether it was ethical to keep the slave trade going. By 1750, still no one seriously discussed or questioned the existence of slavery. By 1888, the institution of slavery no longer existed in the transatlantic economy. Prior to the eighteenth century however, there were justifications to slavery. Chattel slavery did exist however prior to the eighteenth century. Chattel slavery is the ownership of one human being by another (existed in the West). Plato and Aristotle both provided arguments for slavery based on the assertion that persons in bondage were intended by nature to be slaves. Christian writers accommodated themselves similarly to the institution. They contended that the most harmful form of slavery was that of the enslavement of the soul to sin rather than the enslavement of physical body. They also argued that genuine freedom was recognized from the relationship one has with God and that if problems arise that relate to the injustices of inequality would be solved in the Hereafter. Christina Scholastic thinkers in the Middle Ages had portrayed slavery as a part of the natural and necessary hierarchy of the world and universe.
Did Britain colonize botswana?
By sheer military might- waging one of the ugliest wars that history has ever known, and leaving scars until today. They were the first nation to create concentration camps, and interned the families of the Boers, while scorching the land and destroying the farms of the Boers, because of their desire to control the gold and diamonds and other mineral resources of the country.
What is the time line history of money in South Africa?
The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. It takes its name from the Witwatersrand (White-waters-ridge in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The rand has the symbol "R" and is subdivided into 100 cents, symbol "c". The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch Zuid-Afrikaanse rand. (South African Rand). This is echoed in South Africa's internet top-level domain name ".za" from the Dutch Zuid-Afrika, meaning "South Africa".[2]
The rand is the currency of the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. Although Namibia withdrew itself from the Common Monetary Area, the rand is still legal tender there.
Contents[hide]- 1 History
- 1.1 Brief exchange rate history
- 2 Coins
- 3 Banknotes
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
Value of the South African Rand to the United States Dollar between 1961 to 2010. Charts the price of one US Dollar.[4]
A rand was worth US $ 1.40 from the time of its inception in 1961 until 1982, when mounting political pressure combined with sanctions placed against the country because of apartheid started to erode its value. The currency broke above parity with the dollar for the first time in March 1982, and continued to trade between R 1-R 1.30 to the dollar until June 1984, when depreciation of the currency gained momentum. By February 1985, it was trading at over R2 per dollar, and, in July that year all foreign exchange trading was suspended for 3 days to try to stop the devaluation.
By the time that State President PW Botha made his Rubicon speech on 15 August 1985, it had weakened to R2.40 per dollar. The currency recovered somewhat between 1986-88, trading near the R2 level most of the time and even breaking beneath it sporadically. The recovery was short-lived however, and by the end of 1989 the rand was trading at levels of more than R2.50 per dollar.
As it became clear in the early 1990s that the country was destined for black majority rule and one reform after the other was announced, uncertainty about the future of the country hastened the depreciation until the level of R 3 to the dollar was breached in November 1992. A host of local and international events influenced the currency after that, most notably the 1994 democratic election which saw it weaken to over R 3.60 to the dollar, the election of Tito Mboweni as the new governor of the South African Reserve Bank, and the inauguration of President Thabo Mbeki in 1999 which saw it quickly slide to over R 6 to the dollar. The controversial land reform program that was kicked off in Zimbabwe, followed by the September 11, 2001 attacks, propelled it to its weakest historical level of R 13.84 to the dollar in December 2001.
Older notes and coins, no longer legal tender.
This sudden depreciation in 2001 led to a formal investigation, which in turn led to a dramatic recovery. By the end of 2002, the currency was trading at under R 9 to the dollar again, and by the end of 2004 was trading at under R 5.70 to the dollar. The currency softened somewhat in 2005, and was trading at around R 6.35 to the dollar at the end of the year. At the start of 2006 however, the currency resumed its rally, and, as of 19 January 2006, was trading at under R 6 to the dollar again. However, during the second and third quarters of 2006 (i.e. April through September), the rand weakened significantly.
In sterling terms, it fell from around 9.5p to just over 7p, losing some 25% of its international trade-weighted value in just six months. Late in 2007, the rand rallied modestly to just over 8p, only to experience a precipitous slide during the first quarter of 2008.
This downward slide could be attributed to a range of factors: South Africa's worsening current account deficit, which widened to a 36‑year high of 7.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007; inflation at a five-year high of just under 9%; escalating global risk aversion as investors' concerns over the spreading impact of the sub-prime crisis grew; and a general flight to "safe havens", away from the perceived risks of emerging markets. The rand depreciation was exacerbated by the Eskom electricity crisis, which arose from the utility being unable to meet the country's rapidly growing energy demands.
In particular, major mines were shut down, with Eskom warning that major new industrial projects could not be powered until additional power generation capacity could be brought on stream, something unlikely to be achieved for at least another 5 years. This would have a significant impact on production and exports by South Africa's mining industry, and would thus worsen an already worrisome current account deficit. It is particularly unfortunate that this should have happened at a time of record high prices for hard and soft commodities. The situation has since stabilised.
CoinsMain article: Coins of the South African rand
Coins were introduced in 1968 in denominations of ½, 1, 2½, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents. In 1965, 2-cent coins replaced the 2½-cent coins. The ½-cent coin was last struck for circulation in 1973. The 2-rand was introduced in 1989, followed by 5-rand coins in 1994. The 1- and 2-cent coins were discontinued in April 2002, primarily due to inflation having devalued them. All prices are now rounded to the nearest 5 cents.
In an effort to curb counterfeiting, a new R 5 coin was released in August 2004. Security features introduced on the coin include a bi-metal design (similar to the €1 and €2 coins, the Thai 10 Baht coin, the British £2 coin and the Canadian $2 coin), a specially-serrated security groove along the rim and micro-lettering.[5]
BanknotesThe 2005 series.
The first series of rand banknotes was introduced in 1961 in denominations of 1, 2, 10 and 20 rand, with similar designs and colours to the preceding pound notes to ease the transition. They bore the image of Jan van Riebeeck, the first V.O.C. administrator of Cape Town. Like the last pound notes, they came in two variants, one with English written first and the other with Afrikaans written first. This practice was continued in the 1966 series which included the first 5 rand notes but did not include the 20 rand denomination.
The 1978 series began with denominations of 2, 5 and 10 rand, with 20 and 50 rand introduced in 1984. This series saw a major design change. In addition, the series has only one variant for each denomination of note. Afrikaans was the first language on the 2, 10 and 50 rand, while English was the first language on 5 and 20 rand. The notes bore the image of Jan van Riebeeck.
In the 1990s, the notes were redesigned with images of the Big Five wildlife species. With the 2 and 5 rand coins replacing notes, notes were introduced in 1994 for 100 and 200 rand.
The 2005 series has the same principal design, but with additional security features such as colour shifting ink on the 50 rand and higher and the EURion constellation. The obverses of all denominations are printed in English, while two other languages are printed on the reverses, making all eleven official languages of South Africa available.
In 2010, the South African Reserve Bank and commercial banks withdrew all 1990 series R 200 banknotes due to relatively high quality counterfeit notes in circulation.[6]
What was Nelson Mandela's job before he became president?
nelson Mandela was jailed for 27 years prior to his release and becoming elected as president of south Africa
What was shaka zula most famous for?
shaka zulu was famous because his dad was a king and he only became king after his dad died and he became king and he taught people how to fight well in battles and not to be scared in battles because fear won't get you anywhere and bravery is the key to success and being positive and working hard will help you through whatever you need help with
It is Wadi Halfa in the Sudan with 2.5 mm of rain in a year
Some of the pros and cons for European imperialism in Africa are; pros-better trade routes and access to supplies, cons-Europeans paid no attention to cultural differences or tribal land boundaries.
What is the abolishment of slavery?
Abolition means to get rid of something, to discard, rescind or do away with.
In the context of US history, is means to do away with slavery. People who campaigned to end slavery were known as abolitionists.
Is william shatner still alive?
William Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian-American actor famous for his role as Captain Kirk in the famous television series Star Trek (1966-1970). Shatner appeared in 7 Star Trek movies between 1979 and 1994, the last a crossover between the original series and the Next Generation series. He also worked on the Star Trek animated series (1973-1974).
He also appeared in other TV series, notably Barbary Coast, T.J. Hooker, Rescue 911, Boston Legal, and The Practice, for which he won an Emmy award. He most recently starred in a short-lived sitcom ($#*! My Dad Says, 2010-2011). He is the longtime spokesperson for Priceline.com and has produced spoken word recordings. He is the author of science fiction novels including Star Trek and the unrelated Tek Warbooks.
Born and educated in the Montreal area, Shatner holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from McGill University.
Why did European countries colonize the countries of Africa?
The goals of 19th and 20th century Imperialism were very often related to the European belief that Europeans were both racially and morally superior to others, particularly Africans. Europeans invaded Africa with the purpose of instilling Christianity into natives as well as introducing western ideas in education, medicine, hygiene, and monogamous marriage. The colonization of Africa was also of commercial interest (which was greatly expanded due to the Industrial Revolution during this time period). Africa provided European manufacturers with cheap labor, raw materials, and a ready market to purchase their products.
Why did South Africa become independent?
South Africa as one country came into existence in the early 1900s. Prior to that it had been a series of smaller countries under various colonial and independent governments. The two colonial powers who held territory in South Africa were the Dutch and the British.
The smaller countries fought fiercely for their independence agsinst both the Dutch and British. The battle of the British army against the Zulus and the Boers, known as the Anglo-Boer war was especially notable.
The British defeated the Zulus and later the took power of the Boer Republics and united them all with the Cape and Natal colonies to form a single country.
South Africa, as one country, was called the Union of South Africa in 1911. It was self-governing, British colony.
In 1939 the National Party, supported mainly by the Afrikaners (Boers), won the national elections and started a process of moving away from British rule. There was no notable warfare or bloodshed, but a continued process of resisting British influence. In 1961, SA was granted independence from Britain and became known as the Republic of South Africa.
What year did the African's got freed?
The 13th Amendment did not end slavery entirely in the United States. Thousand of slaves were still owned by Indians, which were foreign nations as far as the Constitution was concerned. It was necessary to negotiate treaties with each of them to end slavery. A treaty with the Seminoles was concluded March 21, 1866; The Choctaws and Chickasaws on April 28, 1866; the Creeks on June 14, 1866; and the Cherokees on July 19, 1866. When Maryland voluntarily abolished slavery in 1864, it adopted an apprenticeship system which forcing about 10,000 Negro youths into labor. It was not until 1867 that the system was banned. Some 4 years after the Proclamation of Sept. 22, 1862 did slavery in America finally came to an end.
What is a Zulu battle axe is it a Seikel?
There were many different types pf spear depending on usage. They also possessed a heavy wooden club called a knobkerrie. This was a straight shaft with a fist size head. There was a battleaxe, a metal blade on a wooden shaft it was not a common weapon. Spear or club were preferred. Also a fighting stick called an umTshisa with a point one end and a chisel on the other end. The large shield was made from cow hide
Shaka had a brother and sister from his mother. And I am not sure how many brothers and sisters on his dad side.
What ways did the slave planters kept the slaves occupied during the dull season?
i want to find out what the slaves did during the dull or off sesson
Who did the Boers clash with the migrated north?
The Boers had conflict with the Zulu and the British Army.
How long has the zulus been around for?
Since around 1700, when the Zulu clan was established by their King, Zulu kaMalandela (1627-1709).
How many Afrikaners died in British concentration camps?
More than 28000 Afrikaner women and children died in the concentration camps
