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X-Ray
Invented by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, X-ray imaging is used in hospitals to detect fractures to bone, as well as abnormalities to soft tissues.
1,826 Questions
X-rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA are all classified as mutagens. These agents can induce changes in the DNA sequence, leading to mutations that can have various biological consequences.
X-rays with wavelengths of 128 pm was used to study a crystal which produced
a reflection of 15.8 degrees. Assuming first order diffraction (n = 1), what is the
distance between the planes of atoms (d)
To understand this one, let's start with gamma rays. Gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic radiation. They are just like visible light, only higher in frequency and energy. And these rays have the ability to penetrate materials. Gamma rays are the highest energy electromagnetic radiation, and they originate with atomic nuclei and with nuclear processes, like nuclear decay associated with radioactive (unstable) atoms.
We know that DNA is a long string of complex biochemical material. These chemical structures are held together largely by covalent chemical bonds. A characteristic of a covalent bond is that it is not as strong as an ionic bond, and can be attacked and broken by outside forces. Heat (thermal energy) can break the covalent bonds of biochemical materials, and so can electromagnetic radiation.
Gamma rays whizz through biochemical materials and "add energy" to bonds between atoms as they pass. This added energy breaks the chemical bonds at that point. That gamma ray can move onward and break more bonds as it goes. This is the nature of the damage caused by gamma radiation. Cells have the ability to repair chemical damage to some degree, but the "machine" that directs the operation of the cell is the DNA. If it is damaged, the cell has a difficult time repairing it. It may not be able to, and the cell may die without its
"complete" DNA to operate it.
Large scale irradiation by gamma rays can cause serious injury or can be lethal. You can see where an individual presenting at a hospital with radiation sickness from gamma rays will find that there is little that can be done to help him. There is no medication that can administered to allow cells to repair themselves from the inside out if these cells have suffered damage to their DNA. At some point, "too many" cells have been damaged and a person will not survive a gamma radiation dose.
All ionizing radiation (not just gamma rays) damage nucleic acids by ionizing parts of it, producing what are called chemical radicals. The radicals then try to neutralize their charge which can result in many effects, some are:
- breaks in the nucleic acid chain
- changes in bases in the nucleic acid
- addition/removal of methyl groups that control gene expression
- etc.
Damage to nucleic acids can also occur indirectly by the ionizing radiation ionizing other molecules near the nucleic acids, producing chemical radicals that that attack the nucleic acids while trying to neutralize their charge.
Predict whether barium carbonate is soluble or insoluble in water?
Barium carbonate is insoluble in water. When it is mixed with water, it forms a suspension instead of dissolving completely due to its low solubility in water.
It is possible to detect black holes by the X-rays emitted at the event horizon. That's one way to "see" them. It's tricky, but the tools of the modern astronomer are nothing short of astonishing. Let's take a walk.
Lots of times we think of telescopes as instruments through which bleery-eyed investigators peer for hours on end. It ain't like that now. In addition to the optical telescopes we know of (which now have CCD imaging equipment at the focal point and computers to look at the pictures), we have "eyes" pointed at the sky that can see across the electromagnetic spectrum, including X-rays.
The X-rays generated at the event horizon of a black hole appear as the result of the acceleration of gases into the gravity well. And we have things like the Chandra X-ray Observatory to see such things. Chandra launched in the summer of '99, and by the 2000's, stunning images were beginning to amaze observers. Including things like X-ray emission from Sagittarius A's supermassive black hole, which is at the center of the Milky Way.
What was the x-ray used for during World War 1?
During World War I, X-rays were primarily used for locating bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers, thereby aiding in their medical treatment. X-rays also helped diagnose fractures and internal injuries quickly, which was crucial for the immediate care of injured soldiers on the battlefield.
Which has longer wavelengths x-Ray or radiation?
This is not a good question - x-ray IS radiation. It's just a specific type of radiation and longitude. But its very short - 10^-10 m (1 A). For example - the visible light spectrum is (more or less) from 400 to 800 nm (10^-9 m). That's why you cannot see x-rays.
Are x-rays emitted during radioactive decay?
Yes they are.
Nearly all kinds of electromagnetic radiation are emitted during radioactive decay
How do you Least to greats blue light X-rays microwaves orange light infrared radiation?
From least to greatest energy, the order would be:
Infrared radiation < microwaves < blue light < orange light < X-rays
This order is based on the electromagnetic spectrum, where the frequency and energy of radiation increase from left to right.
The material that accretes onto a neutron star or black hole is expected to emit x-rays because?
Accretion disks generally are energetic because of gravitational compression of infalling matter, and frictional forces which heat the matter in the accretion disk. The frequency depends on the mass of the central body. Protostellar accretion disks emit in the infrared, the higher speed and friction associated with the more intense gravity of neutron stars and black holes cause them to radiate in the higher x-ray frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum.
How do radio waves and x rays compare in terms of wavelength and energy?
Radio waves are longer than X-rays and because energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, X-Rays have more energy. The formula is 1.25uevm/wavelength, that is the energy is 1.25 micro electron volt divided by the wavelength in meters.
Who was the inventor of the x ray telescope?
The x-ray telescope was not invented by one individual, but rather it was developed by various scientists and engineers over time. However, one significant early contributor to x-ray astronomy was Hans Wolter, a German physicist who designed the Wolter telescope structure that became the basis for many x-ray telescopes.
Difference between x ray diffraction and neutron diffraction?
X-ray diffraction uses X-rays to study the atomic structure of materials, while neutron diffraction uses neutrons. Neutron diffraction is particularly useful for studying light elements like hydrogen because neutrons interact strongly with them, while X-ray diffraction is better for heavy elements. Neutron diffraction also provides information about magnetic structures due to the neutron's magnetic moment.
Do X-rays cause and cure cancer?
X-rays can increase the risk of developing cancer by damaging the DNA in cells. However, X-rays are also used as a treatment for cancer in a technique known as radiation therapy, where targeted radiation is used to kill cancer cells.
Radiation that is similar to x-rays and is not composed of particles?
Gamma radiation is similar to x-rays in terms of their ability to penetrate materials and cause ionization, but unlike x-rays, gamma radiation is not composed of particles. Instead, gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic waves with very high energy.
What is X-ray diffraction and why it is used?
X-ray diffraction is an investigative technique that involves directing a beam of X-rays at a material and examining the ways in which those X-rays were scattered by that material. The patterns into which they scatter and the angles of scattering reveal information about the structure of the material being studied. The application of X-ray diffraction to probe characteristics of a material allows a researcher to model the atomic or molecular structure of that material.
A neuroradiologist is a medical doctor who specializes in using imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, and angiography to diagnose and treat disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spine, and head and neck. They work closely with other healthcare providers to help guide treatment plans for patients with neurological conditions.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of X Ray telescopes?
Advantages of X-ray telescopes include the ability to capture high-energy emissions from objects such as black holes and neutron stars, providing valuable information about these phenomena. However, X-ray telescopes are limited by Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs X-rays, necessitating the need for them to be placed in space. Additionally, X-ray telescopes tend to have lower resolution compared to optical telescopes.
It is a medical concoction that is used to provide contrast in the X-rays, during an Upper G.I. exam. It is comprised of Barium Sulphate.
Why can ultraviolet light and X-rays and gamma rays be both helpful and harmful?
Ultraviolet (UV) rays can help kill bacteria, but being exposed to a source like the sun for an extended period is not healthy as that exposure can damage skin. X-rays are used in medical imaging, and they can greatly assist professionals wishing to make a medical diagnosis. The energy of these rays is high, however, and X-rays can cause tissue damage. Exposure must controlled to minimize risk. Gamma rays are even more energetic, and they can be used to treat things like cancer. But these rays, too,
can cause tissue damage, so radiation treatment must be carefully administered.
X-rays themselves do not hurt. However, some people may experience discomfort or pain if the X-ray technician needs to position them in specific ways for the imaging.
Electromagnetic energy is the most important form of energy in radiography, as it is present in both x-ray beams and magnetic resonance imaging. Electromagnetic energy is responsible for the creation and transmission of the imaging signals used to produce diagnostic images in radiology.
What is the expected lifespan of Chandra X-ray Observatory?
Prior to being launched into space on 23 Jul 1999 on STS-93, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) was given an expected lifetime of 5 years. In September 2001 NASA extended the CXO's lifetime to 10 years "based on the observatory's outstanding results."
Physically the observatory could last for much longer. A study performed at the Chandra X-ray Center indicated that the CXO could last at least 15 years.
Because current technology cannot significantly improve upon the resolving power of Chandra's mirrors, it's unlikely that another x-ray observatory will be launched before 2015. So we'll probably get to see just how long Chandra can last.
Why can't barium carbonate replace barium sulfate in stomach x-rays since both are insoluble?
Barium carbonate will react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach forming soluble barium chloride which can be absorbed into the blood.
BaCO3(aq) + 2HCl(l) ---> BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Barium sulphate, however, does not react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Thus, it passes straight through the alimentary canal unchanged and the individual is not poisoned.
How are atoms in an X-ray tube anode ionized?
The atoms in the anode of an X-ray tube are ionized by an incoming beam of high energy electrons. Those electrons streamed off the cathode and were accelerated by the high voltage across the tube's elements. The high energy electron beam slams into the specially alloyed anode and ionizes the atoms there. The ionized atoms have their outer electrons torn out to very high energy levels, and when they de-ionize, they do so by emitting a high energy photon - an X-ray. The anode gets hot as heck, too.
