Architecture

How cities should be designed must be in relation to the general era you are referring to. In the 1700's, there were no automobiles, so cities naturally had to be quite dense and compact (to be walkable). Similarly, thought had to be put into where the loud, pollution generating factories had to be relative to residential areas, public parks, and so on.

In 1950's America, the automobile not only existed, but was affordable and commonplace. In that era, cities were designed around a massive network of freeways and a new culture of drive through conveniences, suburban neighborhoods, and so on.

In modern times, traffic congestion is a real problem and the idea of a car per person in a city of endless freeways is no longer wise. Compounding this is the relatively new awareness that the combustion of fossil fuels is causing environmental problems. Furthermore, the cost of gas is skyrocketing and will only continue to do so. Thus, the idea of a daily 50 mile round trip commute is no longer financially viable for many people.

As a result, a modern city should be designed to allow people of all levels of income to have freedom to travel about the city, not rely on ownership of a car and ability to pay for gas. This requires a dense city (walkable) and/or the development of an intelligent mass transit system (bus routes, light rail trains, subways, etc). A unique problem is how to convert sprawled out cities to have a walkable transit system. One solution to this is the concept of "transit oriented development". In this kind of system, a city would have mass transit that brings people between various nodes. Each node would be a dense area of mixed use developments within walking distance (say, .25 to .5 miles) to a transit station.

A larger more philosophical approach to urban design is put forth by the principles of "smart growth" and "urban growth boundaries".

I think you will find that the principles of smart growth sum up how a city should be designed quite succinctly.

To answer your question "how cities should be designed" - I would say they should be designed to allow freedom of movement for all social and economic classes that does not harm the environment, a range of options for living accommodations for all social and economic classes, plentiful areas of parks and green space, and generally avoiding clustering functions (work, live) too extremes.

A bridge can certainly be a frame structure, especially when it is a Truss bridge. This type of bridge utilizes a system of fastened steel (or other materials) members. These members are oriented so that they carry the loading vectors in vertical and horizontal directions. Even a simple beam span could be considered a frame with the piers as its legs.

The availability of plans for existing buildings will depend on the laws of your country and local authority.
Many local authorities hold plans of all approved buildings and some allow the public to view these plans. Contact the local authority (eg Council) for the building in which you are interested, and supply them with the address and legal description of the site, to enable them to search for the plans. There may be a charge to view, and it may be possible to copy the plans.

Alternatively, contact the management, tenant or owner of the building.

It is very very expenisive and it can go rusty if you don't use it fo a very long time ....

A polyhedron is a solid shape with many sides. The word "polyhedron" does not specify a number of sides.

A shell is a building that is empty in the inside. Typically a shell permit is obtained for a commercial/retail property that does not have a Tenant. The owner will fill this empty space and then a Tenant Improvement (TI) Permit is obtained.

The shell permit would include only the most basic structure the code will allow. The main shape of the building, exiting, egress lighting (exit lighting), the minimum number of restrooms required. The shell permit does not include occupancy. A Tenant can not move in until they obtain a Tenant Improvement Permit.

If a restaurant moved in and wanted a Tenant Improvement they would provide drawings for all seating, kitchens, lighting, mechanical, electrical, plumbing for ONLY the portion that the restaurant...the rest of the structure remains unoccupied until a TI Permit is obtained

Its the term used for the side view of a structure.

augmented fenestration, elaborate classical ornamentation

Some of the main contributors to the functionalism movement in architecture were Augustus Welby Pugin, Will Bruder, James Polshek and Ken Yeang.

Concrete Is made out Of Clay..Dry Cast Stone..Is made Out Of Stone.. ;D

It depends on the length of the other two sides !

Data transfer between the central computer and input and output devices may be handled in a variety of modes

The techniques of data transfer are:

Programmed I/O

Interrupt driven

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Because it allows less air to move out of the building into the environment at any given time. If you open a door to walk in and it lead directly into the building you allow a large amount of air exchange to occur. However if you add another door and close the first door first (typlically accomplished in commercial structures with automatic door closers) the only air movement to the outside is the volume of air already in that area. Like an air lock.

There is no known discoverer of crystal. Depending on how you define crystal, there are known crystals from 1400 BCE - almost 3,500 years ago, according to lead-glass-2

yes

There are standards in heights of fixtures like tubs or showers. It is easier to have all valves at the same height than all over the place on walls.

Architecture that was built during ther Renaissance Period 18th century

UHm no. That's wrong. ROMANTIC Architecture would be achitecture that was built during the ROMANTIC period.........not the Renaissance.

The capital building in Washington DC was designed by Dr William Thornton. The plan had three sections to house the House of Representatives, Congress as well as the main building.

Are you a student of Tarc

They gave us self the self supporting arch of bricks and forms of arches. Also, the use of concrete.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstar

Barnstars are mainly decoration, but had their roots in older German communities. Now they seem to be for decoration or for luck. You see them everywhere on the East Coast!

it is partially buried or has a large base it is attached to

Explosive demolition exposes weak points in the structure to destroy a building. Instead of dangerously exploding a structure, it is allowed to fall in on itself.

If you have to ask.... You can't afford it.

Because you can easily erase it and change your draft.