Biochemistry

This is how catabolic pathways decompose glucose and other organic fuels that yield energy, by substances giving off and accepting electrons energy is released and this is ultimately crucial for energy processing reactions in living systems. Redox reactions does just this by having reduction of electrons and oxidation of electrons occur in this reaction.

Im an ap bio student.

600 Torr (1 atm/760 Torr)

= 0.789 atmospheres

================

Bent does not apply to a water molecule. Water molecules have a bent shape due to the arrangement of the hydrogen atoms around the oxygen atom. Polar, organic, and covalent are all characteristics that can be used to describe water molecules.

The 21st amino acid is selenocysteine. It is incorporated into proteins through a specialized mechanism involving a specific RNA structure called a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS). Selenocysteine is important for the function of certain enzymes, particularly those involved in antioxidant defense.

Swallowing iodine may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to more serious side effects like throat and stomach burns, shock, or coma. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if iodine is ingested.

Oral tablets work, but be careful of overdosing even though the B vitamins are water soluble. In higher concentrations (over 50 mg per day) they will cause dizziness, muscle pains, and a tendency towards sudden low blood pressure under stress or dehydration.

The optimum pH for pepsin is around 1.5-2, which is acidic. For trypsin, the optimum pH is around 7-9, which is slightly alkaline. The pH levels are important for maintaining the enzymatic activity of these proteins.

G actin is a crucial component of the thin filaments in muscle cells. It polymerizes to form F actin, which is essential for muscle contraction. G actin also plays a role in cell structure and movement.

Lactose is classed as a "reducing sugar" as it contains a aldehyde group (-CHO) which is oxidised into (-COOH) when reacted with an oxidant such as Fehling's or Benedict's reagant (alkaline conditions).

A redox reaction (also known as an electron transfer reaction) occurs when the reagent is added to the reducing sugar (at 80°C) and the following reaction occurs:

2Cu(OH)2 + R-CH=O → Cu2O + R-COOH + 2H2O

as you can see, the 2Cu(OH)2 becomes Cu2O and is hence reduced from Cu2+ to Cu+, making the sugar it has reacted with a 'reducing sugar' :)

now a days d most used common anesthetic is ethyl chloride

A spectrophotometer allows for quantitative analysis of a sample's concentration or purity by measuring its absorbance or transmission of light at different wavelengths. It is highly sensitive and precise, providing accurate measurements in a wide range of applications such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science. Its versatility and ability to quickly analyze multiple samples make it a valuable tool in research and quality control.

Polypeptide chain, precursor to protein. The chain of amino acid itself is not enough to be a functional protein, so it must go through additional changes before it can be functional. The chain may be cut into pieces (proteolysis), have carbohydrates attached to it (glycosylation) or have phosphate groups attached to it (phosphorylation).

No; polymerase is a Protein that is made up from [or comprised of] Amino-Acids.

While Amino-Acids make up - or comprise - proteins, nucleotides are the building 'blocks' for both DNA and Rna.

Four monomers. Each antibody contains 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains.

It's when your body doesn't have enough oxygen to perform the "normal" process of creating energy, or ATP. Without the oxygen, our bodies perform lactic acid fermentation, which still produces energy but not as much as the one with oxygen. That energy is stored in the form of lactic acid.

Some scientific breakthroughs by African Americans include George Washington Carver's work on agricultural innovations, Charles Drew's advancements in blood storage and transfusion techniques, and Mae Jemison becoming the first African American woman to travel to space. These individuals made significant contributions to their respective fields and paved the way for future generations.

Enzyme specificity ensures that the enzyme can bind to its specific substrate with high affinity, increasing the likelihood of the catalytic reaction taking place. This promotes enzyme activity by enhancing the efficiency of substrate recognition and conversion, leading to a more rapid and precise catalytic process.

Transfer RNA is generally located around the cells after translation. They are usually attached to carrier proteins that are in mRNA ribosome complexes.

No, it becomes (positively) electrically charged and in this state is called a "ion" (of the original element)

It is also possible for an element to gain an electron and become (negatively) charged. This too is an "ion".

What element the atom is, is determined by the number of protons in the atoms nucleus and these do not change unless the element is radioactive.

Glycolysis: 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle: products per glucose molecule: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH2

Electron Transport Chain: on average, each NADH will produce 3 ATP, and each FADh2 will produce 2 ATp. Water is also produced...

10 NADH= 30 ATP, 2FADH2= 4 ATP (plus 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Kreb's Cycle) total of 38.

One entire round of cellular respiration produces (at the most) 38 ATP.

hope this helps!

Anitbiotics helps fight diseases by killing bacteria. Always remember these 3 rules:

Antibiotics=bacteria

Antiviral=virus

Antifungal=fungus

A certain type of medication can only be used for the disease it matches up with (antiviral will not kill a bacteria of fungus infection, only a virus)

In Thomson's plum pudding model, electrons are dispersed evenly throughout a positively charged sphere, much like raisins in a plum pudding. The electrons do not have specific locations within the sphere and are considered to be uniformly distributed.

Glycolysis is sometimes referred to as the hexose diphosphate pathway because it involves the breakdown of a six-carbon sugar molecule (hexose) into two molecules of three-carbon sugar phosphate (diphosphate) intermediates. These diphosphate molecules are then further processed to produce energy for the cell.

Some factors that can have more than one value include temperature, time, distance, and weight. These factors can vary depending on the specific circumstances or context in which they are being measured.

biochem has 2 areas distinct from regular chem reactions are a million times faster and each process requires a catalyst or enzyme for it to happen The genes create the catalyst which are huge organic molecules and appear to have a life of their own However in reality they follow the same laws as inorganic chemistry