Biochemistry

Polypeptide chain, precursor to protein. The chain of amino acid itself is not enough to be a functional protein, so it must go through additional changes before it can be functional. The chain may be cut into pieces (proteolysis), have carbohydrates attached to it (glycosylation) or have phosphate groups attached to it (phosphorylation).

No; polymerase is a Protein that is made up from [or comprised of] Amino-Acids.

While Amino-Acids make up - or comprise - proteins, nucleotides are the building 'blocks' for both DNA and Rna.

Four monomers. Each antibody contains 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains.

It's when your body doesn't have enough oxygen to perform the "normal" process of creating energy, or ATP. Without the oxygen, our bodies perform lactic acid fermentation, which still produces energy but not as much as the one with oxygen. That energy is stored in the form of lactic acid.

Some scientific breakthroughs by African Americans include George Washington Carver's work on agricultural innovations, Charles Drew's advancements in blood storage and transfusion techniques, and Mae Jemison becoming the first African American woman to travel to space. These individuals made significant contributions to their respective fields and paved the way for future generations.

Enzyme specificity ensures that the enzyme can bind to its specific substrate with high affinity, increasing the likelihood of the catalytic reaction taking place. This promotes enzyme activity by enhancing the efficiency of substrate recognition and conversion, leading to a more rapid and precise catalytic process.

Transfer RNA is generally located around the cells after translation. They are usually attached to carrier proteins that are in mRNA ribosome complexes.

No, it becomes (positively) electrically charged and in this state is called a "ion" (of the original element)

It is also possible for an element to gain an electron and become (negatively) charged. This too is an "ion".

What element the atom is, is determined by the number of protons in the atoms nucleus and these do not change unless the element is radioactive.

Glycolysis: 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle: products per glucose molecule: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH2

Electron Transport Chain: on average, each NADH will produce 3 ATP, and each FADh2 will produce 2 ATp. Water is also produced...

10 NADH= 30 ATP, 2FADH2= 4 ATP (plus 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Kreb's Cycle) total of 38.

One entire round of cellular respiration produces (at the most) 38 ATP.

hope this helps!

Anitbiotics helps fight diseases by killing bacteria. Always remember these 3 rules:

Antibiotics=bacteria

Antiviral=virus

Antifungal=fungus

A certain type of medication can only be used for the disease it matches up with (antiviral will not kill a bacteria of fungus infection, only a virus)

In Thomson's plum pudding model, electrons are dispersed evenly throughout a positively charged sphere, much like raisins in a plum pudding. The electrons do not have specific locations within the sphere and are considered to be uniformly distributed.

Glycolysis is sometimes referred to as the hexose diphosphate pathway because it involves the breakdown of a six-carbon sugar molecule (hexose) into two molecules of three-carbon sugar phosphate (diphosphate) intermediates. These diphosphate molecules are then further processed to produce energy for the cell.

Some factors that can have more than one value include temperature, time, distance, and weight. These factors can vary depending on the specific circumstances or context in which they are being measured.

biochem has 2 areas distinct from regular chem reactions are a million times faster and each process requires a catalyst or enzyme for it to happen The genes create the catalyst which are huge organic molecules and appear to have a life of their own However in reality they follow the same laws as inorganic chemistry

Proteases, also known as peptidases, are enzymes that recognize proteins and cleave the peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids. These enzymes play a crucial role in protein digestion and processing in living organisms.

Nothing. The enzyme is not changed by the process of lowering the activation energy of the reaction with the substrates.

In their active site some enzymes just give two substrates a protected area for a reaction, some stress bonds thus causing a reaction and some preform catabolically within their active site using their R groups.

Regardless of the enzymes activity it is not changed and goes on to perform many processes in the cell.

"AUG" actually corresponds to a region of code on mRNA and is NOT an amino acid.

The tRNA that has the anticodon 5' CAU 3' and recognizes AUG is a tRNA charged with Methionine.

Therefore, methionine is the first amino acid incorporated into a growing polypeptide.

Note this is true for only eukaryotes, prokaryotes have N-formyl methionine as their first amino acid.

The mane way is through [LIPIDS] They are organic molecule's that are not soluble,

(won't dissolve) the two ways are through fat molecule's and steroids likes sex

hormones and cholesterol and waxes like earwax and beeswax

Lysosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. One of their functions is to fuse with a vesicle, and break down its contents.

Pyruvic acid is first converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which initiates the Krebs cycle. Throughout the cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Phosphatidylcholine is an example of a phospholipid, which is a type of lipid molecule found in cell membranes. It consists of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate group, and a choline molecule. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of cell membranes.

The main digestive enzyme for protein is pepsin, which is produced in the stomach. Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids. This process is essential for proper protein digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Hydrogen bonds between bases.
There are 3 HB between Guanine and citosine. There are two hydrogen bonds between Adenine and guanine. Therefore, if GC content is higher, DNA is more stabile.