Biochemistry

Monosaccharides are made by only one sugarmolecule, such as galactose, fructose or glucose. "Mono" comes from the Greek word "manos", and means one. A disaccharide contains two sugar molecules, and a polysaccharide contains several. "Di" and "poly" also come from Greek, and means "two" and "many".

Therefore, a monosaccharide is a type of sugar that only contains one sugar molecule.

There were initially two methods used for DNA sequencing, but today there are dozens. Genome sequencing is defined as any process that determines the order of nucleotides within an atom of DNA. It is almost always accomplished automatically in modern applications, using machines specifically designed for the job.

When a noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, it binds to a site other than the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme and reducing its activity. This type of inhibition is not easily overcome by increasing substrate concentration because it does not directly compete with the substrate for binding.

liquid nitrogen (-170 C) which it freeze the tissue to become fragile to be a fine powder which increase the surface area of extraction, and the very low temperature prevent DNase activation

* the primary function of this step is to lyse the cells

The most common elements in living things are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These elements make up the building blocks of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids essential for life processes.

they are used in making babay foods and slimming aids.

Target tissues or target cells are regions that are receptive to hormones. These tissues have specific receptors that bind with the hormones and trigger a response within the cell.

In every plant, animal or the other microorganisms, you have got the complete story or the characters of that individual written in the DNA. The onion is an onion because of the DNA of the onion. Much like the tomato is a tomato because of the DNA of the tomato.

These molecules are called substrates.

The primary structure of a protein is just an amino acid string; a polypeptide.

The secondary structure of a protein is the hydrogen bonding of the side chains that form the polypeptide chain into alpha helices and beta sheets.

The concentration of A must be equal to the concentration of T and the concentration of G must be equal to the concentration of C. This is because of the base pair rules that state that A pairs with T and G pairs with C. If you have a gene where [A] is 20%, this means that [T] also equals 20%. This puts the total concentration of A and T at 40%. Therefore the concentration of G and C is 100-40 which is 60%. This means that the concentrations of G and C are each 30%.

[]=concentration

The coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix represents the secondary structure of a protein. This structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acid residues in the protein chain, forming a corkscrew-like structure.

Fermentation processes can be carried out in two ways; surface or submerged production.

Submerged production began in the 1930's and is the main method used today. The sterile medium and mould are added to a large tank where it is constantly mixed and a supply of sterile air is bubbled through (since the fermentation process is aerobic). The strain of mould used is different to that in surface production.

The process can be used to make products such as citric acid, glycerol or lactic acid.

Monounsaturated fatty acids have a bend in their structure due to the presence of a double bond. This double bond causes a kink or bend in the fatty acid chain, which affects its physical properties and how it interacts with other molecules in the body.

Proteins are a major interest to scientists who study the chemistry of living things. All living organisms contain protein. Plants make the proteins they need from substances on the air and soil. Humans and other animals must obtain the building material for proteins from the food that they eat.

The majority of task of building a protein is done with a ribosome, RNA, and amino acids. A tRNA will match with 3 bases of RNA, and the ribosome will keep them coming in to match the segment before dropping off their amino acid onto the end of the chain and then getting out of the way for the next segment.

This string of amino acids often spontaneously folds into the final form of the protein but in some cases these need to enter different membranes, a process much like threading the eye of a needle, before folding into the final protein. Further sections (usually on the ends of the string) may be cut off and some special chemistry to add a few atoms onto less-standard positions of particular amino acids may occur.

There are also proteins made of multiple strands of amino acids, having these substructures tied together in a (relatively) tidy package.

Aerobic fermentation occurs in an environment that contains air. Anaerobic fermentation occurs in one lacking air.

Glycerol (from fatty acids) can be entered into Glycolysis at its 3Carbon stage

Cellular respiration takes place within the mitochondria.

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, and is second to fats as long-term energy storage.

The matching anticodon for UUU is AAA. A ribosome pairs the UUU codon on the mRNA with the AAA anticodon on the tRNA during protein synthesis.