Biochemistry

Enzymes are proteins. They are biological molecules composed of amino acids that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions within cells. Lipids, on the other hand, are a different class of biological molecules that include fats and oils.

Sugar has more potential energy than ATP because it contains more chemical bonds that can be broken during cellular respiration to produce ATP. ATP is a molecule that carries energy within cells to power various biological processes.

Mix sugar (sucrose) with water and add 1/4 teaspoon of citric or tartaric acid. Bring solution to the boil and then simmer for 60 - 90 minutes. The result is a fructose/glucose solution. If neither of the above acids is available substitute lemon or lime juice.

When activation energy is in the presence of an enzyme, the enzyme can lower the activation energy barrier required for a chemical reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to proceed at a faster rate and with lower energy input. The enzyme does this by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction, making it easier for the substrate molecules to react.

L-glutamine is an amino acid that plays a key role in protein synthesis and cellular energy production. It is abundant in the body and is important for maintaining gut health, supporting the immune system, and promoting muscle recovery. Some people use L-glutamine supplements to aid in muscle growth and recovery, as well as to support digestive health.

Tertiary and Quaternary structures are generally used to create complex shapes such as in enzymes where the specific shape is used as a catalyst. DNA can be likened to a line of text. if it were organised in more complex shapes than it is found in it's diffuse form during interphase then there would be added difficulties involved in processes such as transcription.

Two of the most important from an academic standpoint are the Aldol addition which involves combining aldehyde, ketones or N,N-disubstituted esters to form more complex molecues. In the case of a biological system single collagen proteins are linked to form cross- linked collagen via an aldol addition of 2 aldehyde molecules, as well as the claisen condensation which is best known for the reaction between 2 thioesters acetyl thioester and malonyl thioester to form part of a fatty acid used in protein synthesis.

One common oxidation reaction in the body is the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration, which produces carbon dioxide and water while releasing energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for supplying energy to the body.

A monoglyceride is made up of glycerol and one long chain fatty acid, connected to the glycerol by an ester bond. If you break this down to the free fatty acid and glycerol, the process or reaction is known as hydrolysis, or ester hydrolysis.

Vitamin C and all Vitamin Bs are water soluble. Vitamin C is ran important antioxidant and cofactor for enzyme activities. A form of Vitamin B1 is important as a coenzyme in the catabolism of amino acids and sugars.

Whether or not you are worried about global warming seems to depend on your political persuasion, at least in the United States. Republicans don't believe it is happening. Democrats believe it, but can't get enough support to do anything about it.

Republicans, for the most part, are convinced that this is just hysteria. Poll after poll demonstrates that Republicans rank this issue far-lower than terrorism, economic decline and even entitlement reform. Republicans just don't believe that global warming is occurring. This position has hardened in recent years, as the scandals that expose apparent fraud in the scientific community by those pushing the global warming agenda pile up (Mann and the Hockey Stick graph, the East Anglia climate emails, and the recent revelations about the scientists who studied polar bear populations.) Republicans are suspicious about most environmentalist claims because, quite frequently, they think they are used to expand government power rather than to solve the problem. The fact that the major advocate for manmade warming in the United States is Al Gore also does not help.

Democrats are worried, and they believe that global warming is occurring. The question is: Do they believe it enough to be willing to spend money/lose their jobs to combat it? Most place it low on the spectrum of concerns, beneath welfare and economic performance, but nowhere near as low as Republicans. They are, however, willing to wield global warming as a club to force companies to buy "green" lighting (like my local Wal-Mart) and blackmail corporations into purchasing carbon credits.

In other words, America is in a stalemate. People have their attention focused on other things.

Once a monosaccharide enters the liver, it can be converted into glucose for energy production or stored as glycogen for future energy needs. It can also undergo conversion into fatty acids for storage as fat or undergo metabolism for energy production through various pathways.

This is what my science book said:

Abiogenesis is a theory that states that life sprang from non-living chemicals eons ago. This is an eample of spontaneous generation, a former law that siad life could arise from non-life. We now know that this law is wrong.

Hyposecretion of insulin leads to higher blood sugar levels because insulin is responsible for moving glucose from the blood into cells for energy. This can result in symptoms of hyperglycemia such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and weight loss. Over time, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, and cardiovascular issues.

One Nitrogen atom = one -NH2. H3C-CH2-CH2-NH2. 1-amino-propane.

We have to consider that the bone is a very dense, specialized form of connective tissue. Like reinforced concrete of building constructions, bone matrix is predominantly a mixture of tough fibers, such as, type I collagen fibrils, which resist pulling forces; and solid particles, e.g., calcium phosphate as hydroxyapatite crystals, which resist compression. Both volumes in the bone, collagen and calcium phosphate, are nearly equal.

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, which is a type of fat molecule. Cholesterol is modified and converted into different steroid hormones by various enzymes and processes in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body.

The numbers in a glycosidic linkage represent the carbon atoms involved in the bond formation. For example, in an alpha 1-6 linkage, carbon atom 1 of one sugar molecule is connected to carbon atom 6 of another sugar molecule.

The primary source of estrogen (or oestrogen in UK spelling) is the woman's ovaries; secondary sources include the placenta, the liver, the breasts, the adrenal glands, and fat cells in general. Men also produce it too, in much smaller amounts.

Once produced, the hormones spread throughout the body. Besides helping to regulate the menstrual cycle, they play an important role in various systems throughout the body: affecting muscles, bones, and the reproductive and circulatory systems. Please visit the attached link if you'd like more information.

An enzyme operating at 35 degrees Celsius means it is working at an elevated temperature compared to typical human body temperature (37 degrees Celsius). This increased temperature may affect the enzyme's activity and stability, potentially leading to changes in its function.

Polytrophic proteins are proteins that can interact with multiple ligands or substrates, each leading to different downstream effects. This versatility allows these proteins to regulate multiple cellular processes and pathways simultaneously. Examples include transcription factors that can influence the expression of multiple genes in response to different signaling molecules.

Hair grows at an averate rate of 1/2 inch per month. So depending on how long it was and how short you cut it, you can go by that to help determine when your hair will be back to the length you want it to be.

What poison, specifically?

Several elements are poisonous all by themselves ... arsenic, chlorine, and fluorine to name a few. Lead isn't acutely "poisonous", but it (and several other elements) cause heavy metal toxicity. Plutonium will kill you via ionizing radiation. And so on.