Australian Colonial Settlement

Middle Colonies has really good soil because the land is next to water and is vvery fertile. Due to this the Middle Colonies also have better argiculture!

Captain Cook's first journey to the eastern coast of Australia was in 1770. He charted and explored along the coast between April and August of that year, naming it New South Wales.

74

The convicts on the First Fleet came from all walks of life. Most of them were ordinary people, made up of thieves, pick-pockets, forgers, petty criminals and the unemployed just struggling to survive and driven to steal food.

he was in charge of 200 ships, one of them was the HMS sirius

twenty-three sheep and five lambs

South Australia was the only state in Australia that did not use convict labour.

Once convicts were given a free pardon, however, some of them chose to settle in South Australia to start their new life.

The journey of the First Fleet from England to New South Wales was about 8 months. The ships could not carry enough supplies for everyone for that amount of time, which is why the First Fleet made three stops between England and NSW. Rio de Janeiro was a thriving port, and well stocked with rations (and fresh livestock) for the journey.

Clara Gregory Baer was born in Algiers, Louisiana on August 27, 1863. She worked as an instructor in physical education, and penned the first set of published rules for women's basketball.

Captain Arthur Phillip raised the flag for Britain at Port Jackson, New South Wales, on 26 January 1788.

South Australia is the only Australian state to have never received convicts. It was founded as an entirely free state, and remained that way throughout Australia's colonial period.

No. Palestine (What the area was called before Israel declared independence) was under Ottoman (Turkish) rule from 1516 to 1918, at which point the British Empire declared a mandate in Israel, which lasted until Israel declared independence in May 14th, 1948.

A Mandate is a declaration of intent, meaning the mandating country will control the zone and support the people who inhabit it until they are ready to declare independence.

Mary Bryant was typical of the convict girls who were transported to Australia on the First Fleet (and others later) for crimes no worse than merely stealing some food to avoid starvation. It is not so much what Mary Bryant herself did, but for the fact that she represents all those other thousands of convict women, sentenced unjustly, and forced to endure the months-long horrific voyage to Australia in dangerous and unsanitary conditions. Even once she - and others - reached New South Wales, they endured incredible hardships and abuse by men. Mary, like so many others in her situation, was a survivor. It was upon determined and persistent people like this that the great nation of Australia was built.

a colony of rabbits is call a warren

Australia's first bushranger, John 'Black' Caesar, became a bushranger after he escaped custody as a convict after he was punished for stealing food. He began bushranging and stealing food from settlers when he discovered how difficult it was to hunt and catch wild animals in Australia.

Hardly. It was a convict fleet, containing mostly male and female convicts, marines and some of the latters' wives. The First Fleet was the first shipment of European settlers to Australia. They faced extreme hardships upon their arrival, true pioneers to a land the other side of the world.

the Irish immigrated because of the great potato famine

Arthur Phillip was born in London on 11 October 1738. He joined the Royal Navy when he was fifteen, and alternately earned a living as a navy officer and as a farmer. He climbed his way up through the ranks in the navy, being much sought after as a calm and reasonable officer, and later captain, and he had many naval battle successes, including when he was seconded to the Portuguese navy in its war with Spain. During that period he became commander of a Portuguese colony supported by convict labour, and his patron the Duke of Norfolk was able to recommend him for command of the Botany Bay expedition as having experience in administering a military-convict colony.

In October 1786, Phillip was appointed Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales. He was a practical man who suggested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet, but his proposal was rejected.

The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787,and arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip immediately determined that there was insufficient fresh water, an absence of usable timber, poor quality soil and no safe harbour at Botany Bay. Thus the fleet was moved to Port Jackson, arriving on 26 January 1788.

Phillip faced many obstacles in his attempts to establish the new colony. British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil: much of the seed had rotted or been eaten by rats on the journey over, and the implements and tools could not stand up to the tougher treatment and conditions of the Australian soil and climate. The colony faced near-starvation in its first two years, and was finally saved by the success of a barley crop.

Out of necessity, due to the growing need for more land in Sydney, Phillip undertook several expeditions of exploration in the immediate area. His explorations resulted in the first spread of settlement to the Parramatta and Rose Hill areas. He also traced the course of the Hawkesbury River as far upstream as he could, to Richmond Hill, and he then continued on to the junction with the Grose River.

Despite numerous setbacks, under Phillip's rationing and sensible direction, the colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip. As a military man, he began to establish a legal code by publishing weekly orders for the governance of the colony. It was by his leadership alone that the colony became entirely self-sufficient. He also worked to improve understanding with the local Aborigines.

Also whilst Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip established the military colony to protect the East India Company trade as directed, and in doing so also preempted French intrusion into the area. He also established a station on Norfolk Island, under Philip Gidley King, to begin to supply masts and flax for the British fleet.

Poor health forced Phillip to return to England in 1792. He resigned his commission soon after arriving back in England, and died on 31 August 1814.

No. Sir Joseph Banks was not a passenger on the First Fleet. He was botanist with Captain James Cook when Cook charted the east coast of Australia in 1770. His purpose was to record and classify new species of plants found on Cook's journey.

While in Australia, Banks, and the Swedish and Finnish botanists Daniel Solander and Dr Herman Spöring made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Banks was also strongly in favour of British settlement and the colonisation of Australia.

Yes, he was.

The convicts were treated better on the First Fleet's ships than on the second and third fleets. Captain Arthur Phillip was fair and just, and he had a genuine desire to reform the convicts. Although he was compelled to treat the convicts as the prisoners they were, he tried (with very limited resources) to keep them as healthy as possible.

Thanks to Captain Arthur Phillip, the convicts on the First Fleet were treated surprisingly well. Phillip was, in fact, harsher in his discipline with the marines and sailors than he was with the convicts. He was concerned at all times for their health, trying to give them sufficient rations of food and water, and allowing them above decks for some exercise and fresh air as often as was possible. He avoided them coming above decks when the ships hit the rainstorms and wild weather once they crossed the equator, because he knew they had no linens or blankets to dry themselves, and he wanted to limit illness among the convicts.

Rations were not too limited, but sickness was rife, particularly cholera, fever, scurvy and dysentery. The convicts had a bucket of fresh water for drinking and washing and a bucket for their waste, and the convicts themselves had to empty the waste.

Convicts were not punished unnecessarily, but only if they did something that threatened the other passengers or the marines. Unfortunately, Phillip (who had quite high morals) could not be on all the ships at the same time, and the marines had a tendency to use the convict women for their own purposes. The women were subject to be used promiscuously by the sailors, but in many cases they were quite willing to sell themselves for a bit of extra food.

they were called bilges and they smelt so much convicts died