Britain in WW2

"Kraut" -- an old term probably from WW1. "Teds" was a term used by the British serving in Italy as "Tedeschi" is the Italian word for "German".

we say "Cześć/Witaj przyjacielu"

If your friend is young, then young adults use slang. so you can just say hey(hej).

Probably. Hitler's rise to power was a symptom of the economic condition in which the allies left Germany after World War I. The German people were desperate for someone or something to address rampant unemployment and inflation and Hitler promised to do so. If he hadn't come along, somebody else like him probably would have.

Germany didn't invade Britain. They intended to, but were unable to gain air superiority so they cancelled their invasion plans.

No, Vera Lynn had one brother called Roger Welch.

the Holocaust

== == * The effects on children when involved in war is devastating. They may have lost parents, relatives or whole families. They are so terrified (nightmares) that they can have trauma and often times go into a comatose state. It's the way for the mind to block out the bad things. They may be orphans simply wandering around aimlessly in some countries they live in. Depending on where the war is, the children could have received injuries and that will always be a reminder to them of the trauma and fear of what they have been through. Time does heal, but if it's a country that has one war after the other or a war that never ends the children will often die. Even children in the U.S. after 9/11 have a terrible time with fear. They don't understand fully (neither do the adults) and fear that they will lose their parents or be killed themselves. They hear about terrorism from others and may over hear conversations between adults. It's best no matter how much an adult fears another terrorist attack to act as normal as possible and get on with every day life. 9/11 also affected not only the U.S., but Canada and many other countries of the world. It left Americans (and other Western countries) feeling not so secure as they had been lead to believe and that's a frightening prospect. Children or adults who lost relatives in 9/11 should receive counseling.

During World War I, the main German menace to the shipping of the Allied powers came through the modern submarine. While warships of various kinds were also utilized with some effectiveness, it was the submarine that caused drastic losses to merchant ships and very nearly starved Great Britain into surrender.

The Austrio-Hungarian

The Battle of Britain was an air battle fought over southern England in the late summer of 1940 with the Luftwaffe trying to gain air superiority over the RAF before the planned land invasion of the UK could take place. German aircraft losses were so high that Hitler abandoned his planned invasion

Adults had jobs they felt they needed to keep. Queen Elizabeth stayed to keep morale up for kids who could not be evacuated. Many of the children went to family in the country or Canada.

They were issued coupons and personally checked them in at stores.

The Queen lives in Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House and Balmoral castle. Other member of the family live in a number of different places; Clarence House, kensington Palace, Highgrove etc. Most of them travel every day to different cities and countries and don't stay in one place except in the summer and at Christmas.

German troops attacked Poland on Septemer 1st 1939. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. But also before that, Germany had been taking and bringing other countries into the Third Reich. France was conquered in as little as 6 weeks which showed how well Germany's army was built.

an attack by air planes (as bombers) on a surface target

There is not a short or simple answer to this question. Several books have been written about British efforts to penetrate the German Enigma Codes during the Second World War. It began with the Polish government efforts in the months prior to the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. The Poles used several brilliant mathematicians working long hours to start. The British used mathematicians, early computers-like machines, and British made replicas of the Enigma cipher machines. It also required a very large number of Enigma coded radio transmissions that were intercepted (heard), recorded, and catalogued by the British. The idea was to discover a few letters or numbers that were encoded. To build on that knowledge to discover words & phrases, and then eventually sentences. The Enigma code actually changed often over the course of weeks. The British had to create a working machine that could accept all the identical changes (settings) made on the German machines and determine when & how to make the changed settings at the same time as the Germans. This took months & years of work. Sometimes a German Enigma machine or code book was captured that helped in the research. Sometimes the code was read for only a short time until the Germans changed the code (turned rotors & rearranged cable plugs) in their machines in a way that the British could not quickly duplicate. The code never stayed "cracked" and often only portions of German messages were decoded. It is a very complicated business, so often the most difficult mind-work ever done. Modern computers help a lot, but modern codes also use codes created by computers. Both sides use technology.

- In November 1938, Britain Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain placed Sir John Anderson in charge of Air Raid Precautions. He immediately commissioned the engineer, William Patterson, to design a small and cheap shelter that could be erected in people's gardens.

-The first 'Anderson' shelter was erected in a garden in Islington, London on 25 February 1939.

-Between February 1939 and the outbreak of the war in September, around 1.5 million shelters were distributed to people living in areas expected to be bombed by the Luftwaffe.

-Anderson shelters were issued free to all householders who earned less than £250 a year, and those with a higher income were charged £7.

-Made from six curved corrugated sheets bolted together at the top, with steel plates at either end, and measuring 1.95m by 1.35m, the shelter could accommodate six people. The shelters were half buried in the ground with earth heaped on top.

-Many household placed extra earth on top of the shelters to grow food on during the "Dig For Victory Campaign".

Blitz means 'lightning,' or 'flash.' For example, the Nazi German war strategy, called the Blitzkrieg, literally translated to 'Lightning War.' It was referred to as such because of the quick succession of tanks, infantry, and air support.

Abolitionists were split on John Brown. Some thought he was a martyr for the cause, while others viewed him as a common murderer.

Dunkirk, June 1940

Their flag

Generally, war gives birth to peace, ironically.

He was a naval writer, it was his niche in life. He certainly was not a good commander of men, grounding his vessel, and other near disasters. But all army and navy officers used to have to have command time as part of their careers. Same with Clauswitz from Europe, he was a great writer of military theory, but a less than good field officer.

Military leaders are often great at one category, not both. Military categories are divided into two classes: Staff and command. Patton, Ghengis Khan, Attilla the Hun, Napoleon, were great leaders of men (they had charisma). Eisenhower, Bradley, Nimitz, Morrison, Clauswitz and Mahan made great staff officers but not gung-ho Pattons.

Now it is 25p...... At the time when we in UK still had shillings & pence it was a considerable amount of money. If you got 5 shillings pocket money you were very well off indeed. Just think 25 P wont even get you a mars bar now...