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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What do you put in a umayyad travel brochure?
Most likely, you would include some historical facts or features, such as the great mosque in Damascus. I would also include some cool or intriguing sights to see or something like that to capture the interest of whoever is reading it.
The last of the orthodox caliphs who was assassinated in 661?
Ali was the last of the Orthodox caliphs.
What firearms were the Safavids' weapons?
shamshir ( a subtype of scimitar from iran) tabarzin ( axe ) some kinds of lances and some kinds of ottoman and byzantines maces .
What steps did Shah ABBAs take to achieve a strong unified Safavid State?
1. He moved the capital to Isfahan, encouraged trade with other land and reformed the administrative and military institutions of the empire.
Why did the Umayyads take control of the Islamic Empire?
The Umayyads were an aristocratic Meccan family who had been appointed to b the governors of Damascus. The assassination of their cousin, Caliph Othman, provided the perfect excuse for this family to make a gambit for more political power. They were successful in this. The Umayyads were also generally unconcerned about Islam and were not bothered by the fact that they were opposing a government composed of Muhammad's Apostles.
When the Arab capital was moved to damascus what dynasty was founded?
The answer you are looking for the UMAYYAD DYNASTY, but the question is operating backwards. The Umayyad dynasty was founded and the capital subsequently moved to Damascus, not the other way around.
What does 'de facto capital of the Caliphate' mean?
The English meaning of the Latin phrase 'de facto' is 'in' ['de'] 'fact' ['facto']. So the phrase 'de facto capital of the Caliphate' means the city that in fact serves as the capital city. The English meaning of the Latin phrase 'de jure' is 'in' ['de'] 'law' ['jure']. In this example, the city that the law recognizes as the capital isn't the city that actually fills the role.
dnt know
Discuss theological developments within Islam during the Abbasid Empire?
Some religious developments within Islam during the Abbasid Empire were the resurgence of mysticism and religious scholars growing increasingly suspicious of and hostile to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.
What was the status of religious minorities in the Safavid empire Mughal empire and Ottoman Empire?
Under which Muslim empire were people most likely to experience cultural and religious toleration? A. Mughal Empire B. Ottoman Empire C. Safavid Empire
Why did yazid hate imam Hussein?
According to unanimous opinion of Muslims, Muawiyah practised treachery and cheating against Ali (a.s.) and was the direct cause of battles that resulted in the bloodshed of Muslims. Let us not forget the fact that Ali (a.s.) was the rightful caliph of his time and according to the traditions of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.s.) it was incumbent upon all Muslims to obey him, and this included Muawiyah.
Secondly, during the caliphate of Imam Hasan (a.s.), one of the chiefs of the youth of Paradise, Muawiyah continued his political intrigue till Imam Hasan (a.s.) was forced to abdicate the caliphal seat in view of the risk to Islamic nation and Muslims.
And when Muawiyah secured the throne, he used illegal (Haraam) methods against his opponents and against the followers of Ali (a.s.).
He tyrannised the people by sword and by stopping their allowances from the public treasury if they were from the Shias of Ali (a.s.).
He initiated the evil practice of cursing Ali (a.s.) from the pulpits of mosques.
He was the first to create feelings of racial discrimination between tribes and nationalities. Arabs and non-Arabs were given different status. The amount of allowance varied for different classes of people.
He promoted the fabrication of traditions disparaging Ali (a.s.) and gave impetus to hadith in favour of his son Yazeed, who was a well-known transgressor of his time.
He distorted the face of Islam through the creation of misguided sects like the 'Murjea' etc.
He ordered the poisoning of the beloved grandson of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.s.), Imam Hasan (a.s.). This was carried out through the Imam's wife, Judah bin Ashath bin Qays, by holding out a false promise to have her married to Yazeed.
After Muawiyah had broken the terms of treaty with Imam Hasan (a.s.), he said: "O people of Kufa! Did I fight you for prayers, zakat and hajj? Indeed you already pray, pay zakat and perform hajj. I fought you to rule over you. And indeed, Allah gave me this honour and debased you.
All the blood that has been shed over here deserved to be shed and every term of the treaty is trampled under my feet."
(Sharh Nahjul Balagha 16/14)
But Yazeed was way ahead of his father, Muawiyah! He tried in vain to obtain the pledge of allegiance by force from Imam Husain (a.s.). Even after breaking the terms of treaty with his brother Imam Husain (a.s.). We all know the position of Imam Hasan (a.s.) near the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.s.). Many a times the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.s.) remarked.
"Husain is from me and I am from Husain."
(Fadailul Khamsa Vol. 3, Pg. 263)
He (s.a.w.s.) also wept when Imam Husain (a.s.) was in his cradle. And he had prophesied the martyrdom of Imam Husain (a.s.). Rather, he had forecasted his killing by a renegade group and even indicated the exact location. He (s.a.w.s.) took a handful of soil from that place (Karbala) and gave it to Ummul Momineen Umme Salmah and told her to keep it with her, saying that when Husain (a.s.) will be martyred, that soil would turn into blood.
(Tabaqat Ibne Sa'ad, Tradition no. 269)
This is Husain (a.s.), the chief of the youth of Paradise, who himself said about Yazeed,
"Yazeed is a transgressor, a drunkard and a murderer. And a person like me cannot pledge allegiance to such a man."
(Sayed Ibne Tawoos, Maqtal al-Husain Pg. 11)
It is necessary upon you to show your solidarity against those who hate Imam Husain (a.s.). What is to be said of Yazeed? After the serious carnage, they ordered the beheading of the martyrs. Even though, Imam Husain (a.s.) had exhausted all arguments. He was martyred alongwith his companions and family members in a condition of extreme thirst. He was having his women and children with him. The corpses of martyrs were trampled under the hooves of horses; then the ladies and children (especially, Hazrat Zainab (s.a.), the lion-hearted lady of Karbala) were taken as prisoners of war.
In their midst was the ailing youth, Imam Ali ibne Husain (a.s.) - titled Zainul Abdeen (ornament of the worshipper). Then they beheaded the corpses and carried the heads on the points of lances. When the head of Imam Husain (a.s.) was placed in the court of Yazeed, in a tray, Yazeed hit it with a cane and shamelessly recited obscene couplets.
May the curse of Allah be upon the oppressors. It is really surprising the some brothers harbour enmity with Shias based on the false accusation that Shias curse the companions. I don't know why they do not harbour enmity against Yazeed and Muawiyah who had cursed the two great personalities of Islam, Amirul Momineen Ali (a.s.) and his noble son, Imam Hasan (a.s.).
Why did the Abbasid Caliphate decline and eventually break up?
Answer 1
There were a number of very important reasons that led to the overall demise of the Abbassid Caliphate in terms of physical size. There are very different conditions that lead to the loss of political power in Baghdad and the nearby territories as those events happen over two centuries later.
The reasons that Abbassid territory diminished between 750 to 850 CE, fracturing into the Umayyads (Spain), Idrissids (Morocco), Aghlabids (Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily), and other smaller states.
1) Religious Issues: The Abbassids came to power with the help of the Shiites and Mawali (Non-Arab Moslems like Persians and Amazigh). Even though the Abbassids did increase the rights and station of Mawali, it was never practical nor desirable for the Abbassids to become Shiite. As a result, he alienated much of North Africa, which at this time had a large Shiite and Kharijite population. (The Kharijites would have been alienated anyway as they were a very religious minority.)
2) Distance: There were no effective routes of communication between the Western Edges of the Caliphate and Baghdad. This made local administrators more powerful as they would have to make their own decisions anyway (it would take too long for a messenger to go to Baghdad and return). Many figured that they might as well make the change more permanent.
3) Political Issues: This refers specifically to Umayyad Spain which was the only part of the Umayyad Caliphate that never became Abbassid when Abu Al-Abbas As-Saffah rose against the Umayyads. As a result of the uprising, Amir Abd El-Rahman fled to Spain and set it up as a Caliphate in opposition to the Abbassids.
The reasons for the eventual fall of the Abbassid Caliphate which occurred in 1100-1300 CE are the following.
1) Corruption: The Abbassid Caliphate had become one of the richest and most prosperous states in the world at that time, changing its leadership from honest brokers of power (Amir al-Mu'aminin - Prince of the Believers used to actually mean something) to individuals more concerned with money. This created strong resentment from those who were outside of the Abbassid purview.
2) Mawali Inclusion: The Abbassids were an Arab Caliphate (as opposed to the Samanids who were a Persian Caliphate) and were expected by many Arabs to treat other Arabs better than the Mawali. However, the Abbassids consistently treated Persians equal to or better than their Arab brethren which created animosity and a sense of betrayal. Many Arabs saw the Persians as the major backers of the Caliphate and that they were a tool for Persian interests. It was also perceived that the Persians were first servants to the caliphs but climbed way up the social ladder to a place they did not belong.
3) Turkish Armies: Armies like the Mamluk (who were retained by the Abbassids for the defense of the Caliphate) were Turks who defended an Arab State. Beginning in this period, they began to realize that they had the capacity to create their own states considering how vast their powers were as a military. This idea also came to the fore for Turks outside of the Caliphate. As a result, there were Mamluk uprisings, Seljuq attacks, and other Turkish Armies turning against Baghdad.
4) Rise of the Mongols: Hülegü Khan put the final nail in the coffin by massacring Baghdad and a number of Persian cities when he conquered the territory for the Great Khanate.
Answer 2
Abbasid caliphate eventually crashed because descendents of the first Abbasids could not control politics in different parts of Empire. Lost power of caliphs as inarguable highly estimated leaders resulted in proclaimed independence of regional militia commanders. May be this process was accelerated by spread of faithlessness and disorder, the answer to which was total jihad. Peaceful sharia law was ruined to pieces by overwhelming self-destructive war.
Who won the battle of Damascus in 634 AD?
The Muslim army under Khalid won the Battle of Damascus. Khalid gained an entry to the city at the east gate, and Thomas then negotiated a surrender with Ubaidah at the southwest gate. There was some disagreement between Khalid and Ubaidah as to whether the city had surrendered or was conquered.
What challenges did the vast size and diversity of the Muslim Empire present Muslim rulers?
well, i haven't studied this since middle school but i am pretty sure that because of its size the rulers had trouble keeping inner groups in the empire from war... these wars were started because of difference in religion and other things that i cant think of. i can also imagine that it would be hard to send messages across the large empire which would cause a lot of problems. i hoped this helped!
In what way were the Safavids different from the Ottomans?
Safavids were Shiite, and Ottomans were Sunni.
Ottomans were Sunni, and Safavids were not
What was a result of Western influences on the Safavid Empire?
they got guns and spices (which turned out to be plants that we tend to call weed now. it was used as healing herbs apparently.)
The abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258 by the hands of?
when the invading Mongol armies captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.
What are some positive and negative results of the umayyad dynasty?
they killed and Jailed many children of prophet (Sayed) and Imams of Shia Islam.
Influence is the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself
What were much of Islam's scientific advancements based on?
Most of Islam's scientific advancements were made using a basis in Ancient Greek and Roman discoveries.
Did Islam attract people of many cultures under the Abbassids?
Certainly many people from different cultures converted to Islam during the Abbassid period. Whether or not they converted because they were attracted to it or converted because of social and economic factors is very debatable.
Was the fall of Baghdad in 1258 inevitable?
Inevitable means that there is no possible way that it could have been avoided. As evidenced by the Mamluk victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut, it was possible to defeat the Mongols, so there may have been a way to prevent the Mongol razing of Baghdad in 1258. However, given that: (1) the Abbassid Caliphate (which controlled Baghdad) had been in a state of decay for nearly 200 years, (2) the ascendancy of the Mongol Empire and its near invulnerability, (3) the animosity between the empires of the Islamic World whose union would be necessary to hold off the Mongols, and (4) and the inability of Baghdad to withstand a long-term siege, it would seem that the fall of Baghdad at that time was a highly likely event.
What help unite the Islamic empire as it spread under the abbasid dynasty?
The Abbasid dynasty united the Islamic empire through a combination of cultural, economic, and administrative reforms. They emphasized a shared Islamic identity and promoted the use of the Arabic language, fostering a sense of community among diverse ethnic groups. The establishment of Baghdad as a cultural and intellectual center attracted scholars, artists, and traders, enhancing communication and trade across the empire. Additionally, the Abbasids implemented a more inclusive governance approach, integrating various local traditions while promoting Islamic values.
What burden was placed on the Mawali Muslim non-Arabs in the Islamic Empire?
Mawali (or non-Arab Muslims) were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.
The Abbassids counteracted this. Mawali were treated as equals with Arabs under Abbassid rules and much of the Abbassid power base came from Persians and Khorasanis who were Mawali themselves. They did not receive favorable treatment, but equal treatment.
