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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What was the reason for conflict between the ottoman and safavid empire?
The Safavid and Ottoman dynasties were both of Turkish ethnicity. The Safavid empire extended from the Caucasia ( Armenia, Azeribijan, etc.) to India, Iraq, the Persian Gulf, and parts of central Asia and the Caspian Sea.The Ottoman empire, on the other hand, ruled the the rest of the Islamic empire (Middle East, Balkans, and North Africa).
The Ottoman empire was older and stronger than the young Safavid empire, but the Ottomans were alarmed as the Safavid strength and influence grew and felt their interest was threatened. Moreover, the Safavid followed Shia Islam, while the Ottoman people were followers of Sunni/Sufi Islam.
But the main reasons for the conflict are rather political than for sectarian religious factors as many try to force this idea of Sunni/Shia conflict.
As the Safavid empire grew, it pushed its territories as far as Iraq and eastern Turkey, carving for itself a considerable chunk of Ottoman territory. This was the point when the Ottomans felt in danger and waged war on their cousins the Safavid.
How did the Umayyads create a powerful kingdom in Spain?
They did neither unify nor protect Spain.
The Umayyads did control the majority of Spain, all of the way up to Barcelona at the furthest extent. They achieved this through strength of arms (conquest). The leading general was Tariq ibn Ziyad, for whom Gibraltar is named. Under Umayyad control, about 80% of Spain was under Muslim control and the same armies that conquered the territory proceeded to defend its borders. However, they slowly lost territory so that by the time of the last Umayyad Caliph, only 50% of Spain was still in Muslim hands. Therefore, many former Umayyad regions were no longer "unified" or "protected".
The Kingdom of Ghana became powerful by taxing gold merchants who passed through its lands. In contrast, the Umayyad Empire extended its power through campaigns of conquest by Islamic armies.
How did the Safavid Empire use cultural blending?
Some examples of cultural blending
- migration
- pursuit of religious freedom or conversion
- trade
- conquest
Some reasons why it blended in the Safavid Empire
"Suleyman's intrest in learning and culture prompted him to bring the best foreign artists and scholars to his court. They brought new ideas about art, literature, and learning to the empire."
Source(s)
McDougal Littell - Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction (Chapter 2.2, page 78)
How was the capital of the umayyads different from other cities of western Europe?
It's because the Umayyads had Damascus as their capital and when the Abbasids took power they moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. But since you're asking about the Umayyads, Damascus was different compared to other Western European cities. From Damascus, the Ummayyads could rule their entire empire. They could do this because they had emirs (which are basically govenors) who were appointed to different provinces throughout the empire (they were appointed by the caliphs) and the emirs with the help of local clan leaders in each province governed their appointed province. This really helped the Umayyads because they could rule all the way from Damascus. Everywhere you go has so many states. For example in the United States. And obviously their president is unable to govern all the states at once (aside from laws), so what do we have???
senators, mayors, police, judges-They all help. Think of the senator as the emir and the mayor, police officers, and judges as the clan leaders.
Similarly, this is how it was in Damascus.
Who is was the leader of the Safavid empire during its golden age?
Many leaders were crucial in the rise of the Safavid empire. Some include: King Cyrus the Great, King Xerxes, and King Darius the Great (from the time period 559 BCE to 930 BCE) who all left their marks on Persia, and shaped the way for Iran. Alexander the Great, who ruled until his death in 323BCE, was also a crucial leader for the middle east, including Persia.
The Safavid Empire was famously known for its?
for Shiaizing the Iranian people from Sunnism, Zoroastrianism, Christianism and other religions.
Who is the caliph with the shortest rule in history?
Umayyad Caliph Ibrahim ruled for a few weeks at the end of the year 744 C.E. This is the shortest reign of any Caliph.
If you are referring to the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Hassan ibn Ali ruled as Caliph for seven months in 661 C.E. before ceding power to Mu'awiya and conceding the end of the the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. Of the four dominant Rightly-Guided Caliphs, colleague Ibrahim El-Osery is correct that Abu Bakr ibn Quhafah reigned for the the shortest amount of time, 27 months from 632 C.E. to 634 C.E.
Answer 1
because they were politically chosen and not by god. God has appointed a prophet or a imam for his people ..... how can Umayyad caliphs are right when they are not appointed by god but by themselves
Answer 2
Answer 1 does not demonstrate why they are important, but only why they have low approval ratings, especially among the Shiites.
The Umayyad Caliphs were important because they changed the political organization of Islam from being one governed by tribal codes and ethics to one with an imperial capital, provinces, and ostentatious royalty. Democracy and meritocracy were replaced with monarchy. A bureaucracy was developed in Damascus using former Sassanian and Byzantine talents. The Maghreb, Spain, and Afghanistan were militarily annexed and there were expeditions (military) sent as far as Xinjiang Province (East Turkestan) is China. Additionally, after their overthrow by the Abbassids in the Middle East, they continued to rule in Islamic Spain (Andalucia), presiding over one of the most tolerant civilizations of the Middle Ages.
Why did the ottoman and Safavid empires face frequent conflict with each other?
The Ottoman and Safavid empires faced frequent conflict with each other over control of the South Caucasus and Mesopotamia.
How did the Umayyads' treatment of non-Muslims and non-Arabs affect their empire?
Dhimmi (Non-Muslims)
The Dhimmi, or non-Muslim under Muslim occupation was required during the Umayyad Period to pay a number of taxes that were connected with his Dhimmi status. The most famous was the jizya, which was a tax that Dhimmi had to pay for Muslims for the right to not be killed where they stood for not acknowledging Mohammed's Prophecy; it was a form of humiliation. Additional taxes included the kharaj, which was a tax on non-Muslim land-holdings in the Muslim World. The kharaj was so untenable that most Dhimmi were forced to live in the cities where the tax would not be applicable. On paper, a Christian or Jew could testify against a Muslim, but in reality, such testimony was not acceptable and the attempt to defame a Muslim would receive retribution. Christians and Jews were not allowed to build new houses of worship, restore old houses of worship, proselytize in any way (this included religious debate or dialogue), or allow wine or pigs to be shown in public.
Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims)
Mawali were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.
Result
Since they treated both rather horrendously, it is not surprising that the Umayyad Caliphate fell around 100 years after its foundation due to internal strife and localized rebellion. However, most of the rebellion came out of Persian and Moroccan Mawalis who were angered over their disenfranchisement rather than the Dhimmi who did not wish to receive retribution for offending Muslims.
What was the Arab Caliphate that existed from 750-1258 CE?
The Abbassid Caliphate was the only Caliphate that existed for all of those years and the only Caliphate for which those years serve as book-ends.
However, there are several Caliphates that existed within that time frame such as the Umayyads, Idrissids, Almoravids, Alomohads, Merinids, Sa'adians, Aghlabids, Tulunids, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Samanids, Hamdanids, Buyids, and Sarmanids. (There may be a few more as well).
The umayyads added which territories to the Muslim empire?
At their height, the Umayyads controlled 50% of the Iberian Peninsula, all of Northern Africa (mostly along the Mediterranean Coast), the entire Middle East (except the Western half of Anatolia), and parts of Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
The Umayyads lost this empire rather quickly when the Abbassids led a revolution and took power in 750 C.E. Abd el-Rahman, the only surviving Umayyad fled to Andalucia (Southern Spain) and re-established the Umayyad Dynasty in Andalucia (that controlled Andalucia exclusively) for another 300 years until in 1031 C.E. Hisham III, the last Umayyad died.
What was the dynasty that had the capital of Baghdad in ancient civilization?
There were 11 dynasties, from the First (Amorite 1830- BCE) to the 10th (Assyrian 729- BCE) and the 11th (Chaldean 626- BCE) before Persia incorporated it into its empire in 539 BCE.
The abbasids were rulers of what empire?
The abbasids were rulers of the Islamic Empire back in the 700s to 1200s.
What happened to the Muslims empire under the first four caliphs?
they finished by different political events.
What were the religions of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires?
The religions of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires were Sunni Islam and Shia Islam respectively.
How the Muslim empire expanded though military conquests and caliphs?
Under the last of the Umayyad , the Arabian empire extended two hundred days' journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean . And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan . We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines ; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville : the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca ; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris .
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire . The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another . The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains more mysterious however.
Jews and Christians in Persia and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and sometimes even welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.[2] In the case of Byzantine Egypt , Palestine and Syria , these lands had only a few years before been reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.
Fred McGraw Donner , however, suggests that formation of a state in the peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation .[3]
