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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
Who is the caliph with the shortest rule in history?
Umayyad Caliph Ibrahim ruled for a few weeks at the end of the year 744 C.E. This is the shortest reign of any Caliph.
If you are referring to the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Hassan ibn Ali ruled as Caliph for seven months in 661 C.E. before ceding power to Mu'awiya and conceding the end of the the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. Of the four dominant Rightly-Guided Caliphs, colleague Ibrahim El-Osery is correct that Abu Bakr ibn Quhafah reigned for the the shortest amount of time, 27 months from 632 C.E. to 634 C.E.
Answer 1
because they were politically chosen and not by god. God has appointed a prophet or a imam for his people ..... how can Umayyad caliphs are right when they are not appointed by god but by themselves
Answer 2
Answer 1 does not demonstrate why they are important, but only why they have low approval ratings, especially among the Shiites.
The Umayyad Caliphs were important because they changed the political organization of Islam from being one governed by tribal codes and ethics to one with an imperial capital, provinces, and ostentatious royalty. Democracy and meritocracy were replaced with monarchy. A bureaucracy was developed in Damascus using former Sassanian and Byzantine talents. The Maghreb, Spain, and Afghanistan were militarily annexed and there were expeditions (military) sent as far as Xinjiang Province (East Turkestan) is China. Additionally, after their overthrow by the Abbassids in the Middle East, they continued to rule in Islamic Spain (Andalucia), presiding over one of the most tolerant civilizations of the Middle Ages.
Why did the ottoman and Safavid empires face frequent conflict with each other?
The Ottoman and Safavid empires faced frequent conflict with each other over control of the South Caucasus and Mesopotamia.
How did the Umayyads' treatment of non-Muslims and non-Arabs affect their empire?
Dhimmi (Non-Muslims)
The Dhimmi, or non-Muslim under Muslim occupation was required during the Umayyad Period to pay a number of taxes that were connected with his Dhimmi status. The most famous was the jizya, which was a tax that Dhimmi had to pay for Muslims for the right to not be killed where they stood for not acknowledging Mohammed's Prophecy; it was a form of humiliation. Additional taxes included the kharaj, which was a tax on non-Muslim land-holdings in the Muslim World. The kharaj was so untenable that most Dhimmi were forced to live in the cities where the tax would not be applicable. On paper, a Christian or Jew could testify against a Muslim, but in reality, such testimony was not acceptable and the attempt to defame a Muslim would receive retribution. Christians and Jews were not allowed to build new houses of worship, restore old houses of worship, proselytize in any way (this included religious debate or dialogue), or allow wine or pigs to be shown in public.
Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims)
Mawali were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.
Result
Since they treated both rather horrendously, it is not surprising that the Umayyad Caliphate fell around 100 years after its foundation due to internal strife and localized rebellion. However, most of the rebellion came out of Persian and Moroccan Mawalis who were angered over their disenfranchisement rather than the Dhimmi who did not wish to receive retribution for offending Muslims.
What was the Arab Caliphate that existed from 750-1258 CE?
The Abbassid Caliphate was the only Caliphate that existed for all of those years and the only Caliphate for which those years serve as book-ends.
However, there are several Caliphates that existed within that time frame such as the Umayyads, Idrissids, Almoravids, Alomohads, Merinids, Sa'adians, Aghlabids, Tulunids, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Samanids, Hamdanids, Buyids, and Sarmanids. (There may be a few more as well).
The umayyads added which territories to the Muslim empire?
At their height, the Umayyads controlled 50% of the Iberian Peninsula, all of Northern Africa (mostly along the Mediterranean Coast), the entire Middle East (except the Western half of Anatolia), and parts of Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
The Umayyads lost this empire rather quickly when the Abbassids led a revolution and took power in 750 C.E. Abd el-Rahman, the only surviving Umayyad fled to Andalucia (Southern Spain) and re-established the Umayyad Dynasty in Andalucia (that controlled Andalucia exclusively) for another 300 years until in 1031 C.E. Hisham III, the last Umayyad died.
What was the dynasty that had the capital of Baghdad in ancient civilization?
There were 11 dynasties, from the First (Amorite 1830- BCE) to the 10th (Assyrian 729- BCE) and the 11th (Chaldean 626- BCE) before Persia incorporated it into its empire in 539 BCE.
The abbasids were rulers of what empire?
The abbasids were rulers of the Islamic Empire back in the 700s to 1200s.
What happened to the Muslims empire under the first four caliphs?
they finished by different political events.
What were the religions of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires?
The religions of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires were Sunni Islam and Shia Islam respectively.
How the Muslim empire expanded though military conquests and caliphs?
Under the last of the Umayyad , the Arabian empire extended two hundred days' journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean . And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan . We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines ; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville : the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca ; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris .
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire . The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another . The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains more mysterious however.
Jews and Christians in Persia and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and sometimes even welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.[2] In the case of Byzantine Egypt , Palestine and Syria , these lands had only a few years before been reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.
Fred McGraw Donner , however, suggests that formation of a state in the peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation .[3]
What impact did umayyads have on the Islamic empire?
Umayyads are Muslims, they represented an important Islamic age in which they ruled the Islamic country & their capital was Damascus.at first they were good rulers but then they stopped behaving like proper Muslims and started drinking wine.
How did the Umayyed caliphate end?
It depends on which Umayyad Caliphate you are talking about.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus from 660 C.E. to 750 C.E. was overthrown by a coup d'état led by the Abbassid Family.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba from 711 C.E. to 1038 C.E. ended when the final Caliph, Hisham III, died without any successors.
During the Safavid Empire Islam split into two groups What were they called?
The Sunni and the Shia Islam. Shia Islam was made Persia's state religion; Sunni clerics were either killed or exiled from Persia.
Why did resentment grow against the umayyad dynasty?
Because the economic and social structure of the empire was dependent on the conquest of new lands, any setbacks or reverses caused resentment and dissatisfaction throughout the regime. Similarly the secular nature of the dynasty aroused opposition amongst those in favour of a more theocratic state.
First of all they taxed non-Muslims with a jizya. Even if you did switch to Muslim and didn't pay the tax there were still some opportunities for them that were blocked. You couldn't move up in class like the caste system in India.
While the rulers did the taxing, they lived very luxurious lives.
The Shi'ites also lost the war on whoever Muhammad's successor should be.
These caused the resentment...
How did the toleration of diverse religions affect the Ottoman Mughal and Mongol empires?
Not appreciated by the scholars and mass people
How did the Muslims govern their vast territories?
As the empire expanded from being only Arabia, the political organization of Islam changed from being one governed by tribal codes and ethics to one with an imperial capital, provinces, and ostentatious royalty. Democracy and meritocracy were replaced with monarchy. A bureaucracy was developed in Damascus using former Sassanian and Byzantine talents. This is rather unique because in most empires, a conquered population was kept out of the ruling apparatus. However, in the Arab Empires, there was a strong intent to integrate the conquered populations and many in the territories wished to become Muslim due either to conviction or to financial incentive. The Maghreb, Spain, and Afghanistan were militarily annexed and there were expeditions (military) sent as far as Xinjiang Province (East Turkestan) is China. The empire was held together by institutions such as the governates, roads, and police/soldiers, just like every other empire. It just happens that track record of violence and repression is better for the Arab Empire than contemporaneous states.
How did the war between the byzantine and Persian empires affect the expansion of the Muslim empire?
Since the Byzantines and Sassanian Persians considered each other the only real civilizations in the region, they fought each other numerous times in the early 600s C.E. over control of what is today East Turkey and Iraq. These were intense religious wars (Christian vs. Zoroastrian) and greatly weakened both empires at just the wrong time, leading to a very porous southern defense and miscalculation of the Islamic Armies. Because of this, the Muslims were able to completely destroy Sassanid Persia and conquer over two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.
