Caliphates

Umayyads are Muslims, they represented an important Islamic age in which they ruled the Islamic country & their capital was Damascus.at first they were good rulers but then they stopped behaving like proper Muslims and started drinking wine.

It depends on which Umayyad Caliphate you are talking about.

The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus from 660 C.E. to 750 C.E. was overthrown by a coup d'état led by the Abbassid Family.

The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba from 711 C.E. to 1038 C.E. ended when the final Caliph, Hisham III, died without any successors.

The Sunni and the Shia Islam. Shia Islam was made Persia's state religion; Sunni clerics were either killed or exiled from Persia.

Because the economic and social structure of the empire was dependent on the conquest of new lands, any setbacks or reverses caused resentment and dissatisfaction throughout the regime. Similarly the secular nature of the dynasty aroused opposition amongst those in favour of a more theocratic state.



First of all they taxed non-Muslims with a jizya. Even if you did switch to Muslim and didn't pay the tax there were still some opportunities for them that were blocked. You couldn't move up in class like the caste system in India.

While the rulers did the taxing, they lived very luxurious lives.

The Shi'ites also lost the war on whoever Muhammad's successor should be.

These caused the resentment...

Not appreciated by the scholars and mass people

As the empire expanded from being only Arabia, the political organization of Islam changed from being one governed by tribal codes and ethics to one with an imperial capital, provinces, and ostentatious royalty. Democracy and meritocracy were replaced with monarchy. A bureaucracy was developed in Damascus using former Sassanian and Byzantine talents. This is rather unique because in most empires, a conquered population was kept out of the ruling apparatus. However, in the Arab Empires, there was a strong intent to integrate the conquered populations and many in the territories wished to become Muslim due either to conviction or to financial incentive. The Maghreb, Spain, and Afghanistan were militarily annexed and there were expeditions (military) sent as far as Xinjiang Province (East Turkestan) is China. The empire was held together by institutions such as the governates, roads, and police/soldiers, just like every other empire. It just happens that track record of violence and repression is better for the Arab Empire than contemporaneous states.

Since the Byzantines and Sassanian Persians considered each other the only real civilizations in the region, they fought each other numerous times in the early 600s C.E. over control of what is today East Turkey and Iraq. These were intense religious wars (Christian vs. Zoroastrian) and greatly weakened both empires at just the wrong time, leading to a very porous southern defense and miscalculation of the Islamic Armies. Because of this, the Muslims were able to completely destroy Sassanid Persia and conquer over two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.

To strengthen their rule, they disregarded the laws of Islam and did whatever they could to gain power (like killing children, babies, and innocent people).

Like many a conquering army in ancient and medieval times, the Muslim forces were motivated by their sense of holy mission, but also by the prospect of loot. Wealthy warriors, who could afford horses, became the cavalry and the poorer ones the infantry. The fighting forces led the way through the invaded territories and behind them, often miles away, followed their support staff: the cooks and quatermasters, some prostitutes and personal slaves, doctors, and of course, their loot and people to watch over it. These are collectively called the "baggage trains." What happened at Tours was that the Muslims were assaulting and the Christians were defending and it was all pretty evenly matched through most of the day when rumor started that the Christians had attacked the trains. The cavalry, who naturally had the most loot, dashed back to the rear to protect their stuff, leaving the infantry, who couldn't move as fast, thinking they were being deserted. That sort of thing always has a bad effect of moral, and the Christians rapidly gained the upper hand. The Muslims were beaten back (presumably with their loot) and very slowly that invasion of Europe turned into a retreat, known as the Reconquista. Who knows? But for some mounted mujahideen who thought more of their swag than their god, we might all be speaking Arabic today.

The last of the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs was Hazrat Imam Ali.

Biography of Hazrat Ali (Sunni perspective) -

http://baharemadinah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140:hazrat-ali-bin-abu-talib&catid=47:the-blessed-companions&Itemid=350

Riza-i-Abbasi was the most famous painter, Persian miniaturist, and sculptor of the Safavid era under Shah Abbas.

The diplomatic document in question was the PROCLAMATION OF 1763, but this was not a treaty. Like other proclamations, it was strictly a statement of British domestic policy (which included its American colonies both in the United States and in Canada).

The fact that they all were Muslims. Today Shi'ite and Sunnite Muslim countries and clans are fighting a bitter power struggle, using Syria as their battlefield and are murdering each other wholesale, but until only a few decades ago, Shi'ite an Sunnite Muslims generally lived peacefully together and regularly intermarried. Exept for the ages-old matter of who in the 7th century was the rightful successor of the Prophet Muhammad, religious differences between the two are few and mostly minor.

Muʿāwiyya

Portugal, Spain, France, Cyprus, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Russia all had land under the Caliphate's control.

Umayyad (ūmä'yäd), the first Islamic dynasty (661-750). Their reign witnessed the return to leadership roles of the pre-Islamic Arab elite, and the rejuvenation of tribal loyalties. The Banu Ummaya constituted the higher stratum of the pre-Islamic Meccan elite. Having entered into an agreement with Muhammad in 630, they succeeded in preserving their economic influence, and gradually reintegrated into the political power structure. The assassination of othman, the third caliph, and a member of the Ummaya, presented the dynamic Ummayad figure of muawiya the opportunity to challenge the otherwise troubled rulership of ali. With the death of Ali, Muawiya succeeded in establishing himself as the caliph, making Damascus the capital of the Islamic empire. His efforts concentrated on strengthening his rule by entering into a truce with the Byzantines, renewing tribal alliances and securing the succession of his son Yazid. With the death of Muawiya in 680, Yazid faced the opposition of Husayn, the son of Ali. The resistance and subsequent martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala in a battle where the Ummayad forces outnumbered him and his partisans is the focus of the central yearly Shiite observance of Ashura. Yazid also faced further resistance in the Hijaz (today Saudi Arabia), led by Abdallah ibn az-Zubayr. With his death, the caliphate was transfered to the Marwanid branch of the Banu Ummaya. abd al malik succeeded in consolidating Ummayad rule, and proceeded with a series of administrative reforms including the conversion of the bureaucracy from Greek to Arabic, and the minting of new currency. This consolidation set the stage for the renewal of territorial expansion in Asia and Africa under Walid I (705-15), and the increased military pressure against Byzantium under Sulayman (715-17). Sulayman's successor, Umar II (717-20) unsuccessfully attempted to reverse the course of tribal-based politics in an effort to restore the Islamic political ideal of transcending partisanships. His successors, Yazid II (720-24), Hisham (724-43), and Walid (743-44) pursued the tribal-based territorial conquests. The expansion of the Islamic empire led to the emergence of a substantial class of non-tribal Muslims (mawali), who became the base from which anti-Ummayad movements drew their supporters. The most notable of these movements was the Abbasid, which eventually succeeded in toppling the last Ummayad caliph, Marwan II, in 750. A branch of the Ummayad family, led by Abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, was able to reach Cordoba and to reestablish Umayyad rule (780-1031) in Muslim Spain.

Ottoman rulers believed that Muhammad's successor was his close friend Abu Bakr, whereas Safavid rulers believed that Muhammad's successor was his son-in-law Ali.

omar ibn al khattab the second caliph after abu baker was the most is influential caliph in the sense of acheivments and contrubute to the growth of islamic empire :

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It is not certain. People did not keep track of time like they do now. There were not as many exact dates back then as opposed to now. It is believed to be between the early 1300s and 1500s. In the 1300s, Sail al-Din started gathering strength and named the Safavid dynasty. He led military campaigns to help gather followers. In 1501, Isma'il led a larger scale military conquest against the Ottomans and formed the empire into the shape that we know as the Safavid Empire. You can make your conclusion on when it began based on that.

Islam as a religion began to expand to places not yet conquered by the Umayyad Caliphs and their armies, resulting in an expansion of the Islamic World that was greater than the size of the actual Empire. The Empire, though, remained the primary method of Islamic Expansion in this period and this was facilitated by armies and conquest.

Poorly, obviously; for they failed; because of divided opinions; concerning right and wrong And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand: [Matthew 12:25.] Humanity's greatest "Human Error"! Theorising they have control over the Cosmos; and may control it with their laws! History has proved human laws; Do Not Work! ----

Almost All. With the exception of Anatolia, which some people consider to be outside of Southwest Asia, the Rightly-Guided Caliphs united all of Southwest Asia.

Shaam, which is now called Damascus, syria... but the city of shaam was much larger then