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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What was the capital of the Islamic empire under the Umayyads?
Shaam, which is now called Damascus, syria... but the city of shaam was much larger then
Approximately how long did the islamic empire maintain its rule?
There is not just one Islamic Empire but over 25 different Islamic Empires in different parts of the world. The first Islamic Empire, the Rashidun Caliphate existed from 633 CE to 661 CE. This was followed by the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 CE to 750 CE. The Umayyads were in turn replaced by the Abbassids who ruled all or part of the Middle East from 750 CE to 1256 CE. In turn, they were replaced by the Ilkhanate, the Seljuks, and the Ottomans all the way until the 20th Century,
What are the major factors that contributed to the rise and expansion of Islam?
The remarkable rise and success of the Arabic (and Muslim) Empire in the 7th and 8th centuries AD/CE can be attributed to a number of inter-related factors. Foremost was the zeal of the Muslim peoples who were driven by faith-related inspiration to spread their gospel throughout the world. At the same time, innovative military tactics, effective diplomacy, and the weakness of once-strong powers standing on the path of Arabic-Islamic progress were also influential.
What were the similarities and differences in the decline of the Abbasid and Ottoman empires?
Abbasids were arabs, the ottomans turks. Both Islamic societies depended on taxes collected by appointees. Nepotism and corruption kept the Caliph/Sultan from effective control of revenues, losing the ablity to fiance their armies.
Why did trade flourish under the Abbasid caliphate?
Trade flourished under the Abbasids at first because they moved the capital of the Muslim empire to the newly created city of Baghdad in central Iraq in 762. The city was located on key trade routes that gave the caliph access to trade gold, good, and information about.
How did uthman become an Islam caliph?
he was dedicated and Muhammad liked that about him when Muhammad was alive.
Answer B (shia view)
he claimed Abubakr left a will letter and appointed him as Caliph. but there are some references saying Uthman himself wrote that letter and when Abubakr died Uthman used his stamp to attribute that letter to Abubakr. Anyway he was not selected by God or prophet or people or any meeting or shura. and he was selected by Abubakr.
How did humans influence the environment back in Islamic Spain?
they farm and mine and fish and stuff like that
Were the enemies of the Seljuks the Fatimids?
Yes. The Seljuks and Fatimids were enemies of one another and had numerous conflicts over control of the southern Levant and the Sinai. However, both Islamic Empires had other, less important, adversaries.
How many Rightly-Guided Caliphs ruled after Muhammad's death?
There were FOUR Rightly-Guided Caliphs after Muhammad's death (Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman, and Ali). After Ali was assassinated, the Umayyads swept into power, ending the age of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs and beginning a more imperial form of government.
What is true about the islamis state Which existed under the caliphate?
Laws were based on the religious teachings of Muhammad.
What were the duties of a caliph?
their duties were to expand Islam to do this they used well trained armies
When was Baghdad under Muslim control?
Baghdad has always been under a Muslim sovereign since it was built by the Abbassids in the late 700s C.E. until the present with only two exceptions: (1) from 1256-1295 when the Mongol Ilkhanate was officially Tengriist and Buddhist and (2) from 1919-1932 when Iraq was a British Mandate.
What areas was not brought under Muslim control during the leadership of the caliphs?
The Middle East (except West Anatolia), North Africa, Iberia, Central Asia, and western South Asia.
Additionally, Islam expanded into West Africa and East Africa during the Caliphates, but those areas were never brought under the control of the Caliphates themselves.
What challenges led to the decline of the Abbasid line?
The reasons for the eventual fall of the Abbassid Caliphate which occurred in 1100-1258 CE are the following.
1) Corruption: The Abbassid Caliphate had become one of the richest and most prosperous states in the world at that time, changing its leadership from honest brokers of power (Amir al-Mu'aminin - Prince of the Believers used to actually mean something) to individuals more concerned with money. This created strong resentment from those who were outside of the Abbassid purview.
2) Mawali Inclusion: The Abbassids were an Arab Caliphate (as opposed to the Samanids who were a Persian Caliphate) and were expected by many Arabs to treat other Arabs better than the Mawali. However, the Abbassids consistently treated Persians equal to or better than their Arab brethren which created animosity and a sense of betrayal. Many Arabs saw the Persians as the major backers of the Caliphate and that they were a tool for Persian interests. It was also perceived that the Persians were first servants to the caliphs but climbed way up the social ladder to a place they did not belong.
3) Turkish Armies: Armies like the Mamluk (who were retained by the Abbassids for the defense of the Caliphate) were Turks who defended an Arab State. Beginning in this period, they began to realize that they had the capacity to create their own states considering how vast their powers were as a military. This idea also came to the fore for Turks outside of the Caliphate. As a result, there were Mamluk uprisings, Seljuq attacks, and other Turkish Armies turning against Baghdad.
4) Rise of the Mongols: Hülegü Khan put the final nail in the coffin by massacring Baghdad and a number of Persian cities when he conquered the territory for the Great Khanate.
Who was in charge of the Safavid?
The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shāh Ismāil I.he was the last in the line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyeh order, prior to its ascent to a ruling dynasty. Ismāil was known as a brave and charismatic youth, zealous with regards to his Shi'a faith, and believed himself to be of divine descent-practically worshipped by his Qizilbāsh followers. In 1500, Ismāil invaded neighboring Shirvan to avenge the death of his father, Sheik Haydar, who had been murdered in 1488 by the ruling Shirvanshah, Farrukh Yassar. Afterwards, Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shāh of Azerbaijan, proclaimed himself Shahanshah of Iran[ and minted coins in his name, proclaiming Shi'ism the official religion of his domain.
Who finally conquered the Abbasid Dynasty in 1258?
The Mongols did under the leadership of Hulegu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Kublai Khan.
What sect of Islam was the Safavid Empire?
The Safavid Empire is primarily made of SHIITE MUSLIMS, because that was the official religion of the empire. Numerous Persian Sunni Muslims were forcibly converted to Shiite Islam under Safavid rule.
What is the reason of the decline of the caliphate?
A Caliphate is an outmoded, tyrannical form of government that only benefits the bullies of society.
