Central Powers

The antifederalists wanted to give more power to the states rather than the federal government. The federalists, on the other hand, wanted an extremely powerful, strong central government. They finally compromised on a constitution when the Bill of Rights were drafted, guaranteeing certain powers to the people and the states.

Zepplins

The rise of nationalism was the main factor. This rise in nationalism was brought about by economic collapse in defeated nations. The economic collapse was due to the conditions set in the Treaty of Versailles, which gave the defeated nations weak governments. It was thought this would prevent them from becoming powerful enough nations to be able to start another war.

Absolutely. The U.S. was selling weapons, munitions, and other supplies to both warring nations. This was before they actually got involved in WWI. Even when they were involved, the war ended so quickly afterwards, that the U.S. never really suffered any significant losses on military spending or debts.

Kaiser Wilhelm II (William II, 'Kaiser Bill'). Kaiser Wilhelm the II. He was related to Tsar Nicholas, the ruler of Russia at the time and also to the king of Britain, King George V, through their grandmother, Queen Victoria. Kaiser Wilhelm
Frederick William Victor Albert of Hohenzollern

During both "World" wars, Germany relied primarily on its U-boat (submarine) force. Underseaboat, I think many called it.

It did have a regular navy with above water ships too. The battle of Jutland demonstrated that, but the regular navy didn't see much use in WWI, as the British Navy, even bigger and more monstrous, effectively shut it away from action.

But WWII? Germany's navy was pretty...well-armed, we shall say. Bismarck happened to be the largest Battleship assembled, violating international treaties (not that it really mattered). Its sinking was very big news.

It did not have, however, aircraft carriers and naval engagements on the order of the Japanese-US naval engagements.

Artillery in WW1 was used in Battery or even larger formations.

In Word War I, the Allies included the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, U.S., and Japan.

In World War II, the Allies included the United Kingdom, USSR, U.S., and France (the "Free French" government in exile, after most of France fell to Germany).

Look up "Allies of World War I" or "Allies of World War II" on Wikipedia for more information.

There are a number of reasons why Germany became involved in WW1. To summarise them they are:

1. From 1900 onwards Germany was a rising Industrial power. It needed outlets for the bulk of its manufactured products. Unfortunately for Germany most of the areas to which it might export, or from which it might obtain raw materials were controlled by Britain.

2. The British navy at that time ensured that no predator could impinge on its contacts.

3. realising that the only way for Germany to expand into world markets or obtain a 'place in the sun' i.e to have some leverage at international diplomatic meetings was to CHALLENGE BRITAIN.

4. The challenge could only be mounted if Germany could outstrip British NAVAL STRENGTH. Hence in 1904 with the passage of a naval Bill, the race began to outbuild the British Navy. The Germans were not successful in this.

5. The Germans believed that because of the 'alliances' that Britain had with France and Russia in particular, that Germany was being encircled. It thus sought to offset this by an alliance with Austria Hungary.

6. When the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serb Nationalist this provided the key to the German involvement in WW1 as follows:

a) Eventually Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, A SLAV NATION.

b) Serbia appealed to Russia (THE SO CALLED PROTECTOR OF THE SLAVS) for help

c) Russia, uncertain of its prowess to defeat Austria Hungary, appealed to France for help. This was granted, especially as Russia owed France a great deal of money.

d) with this coalition against it Austria Hungary appealed to Germany, who in order to maintain the confidence of its ally, agreed to fight alongside Austria Hungary should it come to all out war.

e) Germany was not certain of i. the extent that Britain would commit to all out war ii. that Britain would be able to survive an all out war against the Central Powers.

Finally, the outcome would settle once and for all the German ability to expand into foreign markets if it could defeat the British navy.

One might say, therefore, that Germany willingly allowed itself to drift iinto war, inspired by the boastings of the Kaiser and the German Military Commanders.

General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing was the commander of U.S. in Europe in World War 1.

In world war 1 the central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire.

In WWI, the Germans did not capture Verdun. However, the battle for Verdun in 1916 lasted about 300 days. The French were able to defend Verdun, but casualties on both sides were high. Over 700,000 men died during this battle.

Germany and Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria
In world war 1 the central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire.

Officially about 1.200.000-1.300.000 served in the wars between 1912-1918 with a peak of 900 000 serving at once reached in late world war 1 from a pool estimated includeing minorities and Bulgarian communities abroad at 4.500.000-5.500.000

"The little clipping declared that the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, June 28, to direct army maneuvers in the neighboring mountains."

Source - http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand

Paragraph 4.

it was the failed, last-ditch German offensive

Italy was in the Triple Alliance, but joined World War I on the side of the Entente because the Alliance was a defense treaty and Italy felt Germany's invasion of Belgium did not meet the requirements for their actions and it anything, it broke the treaty completely.

Jealousy and rivalry

The U.S. might have joined the Central Powers because they had a lot of Irish and German immigrants coming in to the country. The Irish hated the British and the Germans wanted to help their old home.

Yes they did, they were as efficient as men and got their work done, the reason why the US troops got all their equipment and rations..... they worked as things like nurses, farmers, ambulance drivers, munitionettes, postwomen, police woman. By doing these jobs and taking over men's jobs, woman proved to be efficient which also contributed to gaining the right to vote. factory workers

Place of Birth: Berlin, Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm II reigned in Germany between 5 June 1888 and 9 November 1918.

The question is so hypothetical that it's almost impossible to answer it sensibly. For example, do you mean without any American help at all? Are you assuming that Japan would have fought only against China or would it have tried to seize India, for example? Without the entry of America I imagine that the war might have lasted a very long time indeed.