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Civil Rights Movement

A national effort made by African-Americans and their supporters between 1955 and 1968 to eliminate segregation and racial discrimination and gain equal rights and suffrage. This period is marked by famous events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, the Freedom Rides and the Birmingham campaign in Alabama. Famous figures involved include Martin Luther King, Jr., James L. Farmer, Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X.

2,662 Questions

Who was Elizabeth Eckford?

Elizabeth Eckford is one of the Little Rock Nine, a group of African-American students who, in 1957, were the first black students ever to attend classes at Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Why was president Kennedy cautious about pushing for civil rights?

He moved slowly at the start because he felt that if he worked so hard on the civil rights movement and passing that law then he might not get anything else accomplished. He also won the election by a slim margin and needed the support of southern legislatures. He also felt that medical and educational bills that were passed would help the civil rights movement ultimately, so he held off on making any bold reforms.

Who were some people that helped with the civil rights movement?

It helped all the black people get freedom!

**Not only did the CRM help black people, it helped other disenfranchised groups obtain various rights, most notably women (of all races). Other subsequent movements were inspired by the American CRM. Even in the new millennium, those in favor of the rights of Mexicans in the United States were videotaped holding hands, swaying, & singing "We Shall Overcome."

What was the success of the civil rights movement on black Americans?

The Civil Rights Movement was about equality for all. With this movement came many others because equality has been sought for for so many years. African Americans were not given the basic and equal protection under the law. There were the Jim Crow laws and there was still segregation in the South. Under the Jim Crow laws many measures were taken in order to prevent the African Americans from being able to vote or going into the same theatre as a white person would. The quality of education was a huge issue walking into an all black school and an all white school was like walking into two different worlds. In the North although there wasn't any segregation there was discrimination. Although some would argue that there aren't any huge differences from then and today I would argue that we as a society have made great improvements in respect to how African Americans are treated. The playing field has been leveled.

Who vetoed the civil rights act of 1866?

The Civil Rights Act overturned black codes

Johnson vetoed the bill because it contained provisions that he could not approve. For example, he felt it gave special priviledges to African-Americans over other races for citizenship and conflicted with state laws in regards to interracial marriage between whites and African-Americans.

To read the veto, visit the Related Link.

Why is the civil rights movement and the anti war movement during the Vietnam war?

WWI, WWII, Korean, and Vietnam Wars were fought between NATIONS. No nation is fighting against the country of Iraq. Iraq is a police action (a law enforcement issue) in which law, order, and stability is trying to be restored to that country.

Why were children involved in civil rights movement?

Children really didn't have a role in the civil rights movement. Some marched with parents, but it was an adult event. In the 1960's a person wasn't considered an adult until 21 so that was also a factor. Today, people are an adult at 18 and can vote this makes a difference in "movements." I was 6 years old when Rosa Parks was arrested and had no awareness of it. Children do not understand news reports and events until they are older. I was 18 when the march on Washington happened and would have loved to take part, but getting across the United States at 18 would have been impossible. The youngest members of the civil rights movement were college students who lived in the south.

What president desegregated the military by executive order?

July 26, 1948 President Harry S Truman issued Presidential Order 9981. This brought to an end segregation in the armed forces. The transition took a while but was completed withing a few years.

What was the major goal of civil rights movements of 1950?

ANSWER:For some Blacks the postwar era offered new and significant gains in employment and education and greater opportunities in sports, the military, and the entertainment field.

By 1950, Black enrollment in colleges had increased 2,500 percent over the previous decade. In Hollywood, film actor Sidney Poitier would later become the first Black male to win the Academy Award for "Best Actor." Gwendolyn Brooks won a Pulitzer Prize for her poetry. Hulan Jack was elected president of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. Benjamin Davis, Jr., became the air force's first Black general.

But these people were a small part of the Black population. The vast majority experienced poverty, chronic unemployment, discrimination in jobs, and inferior housing and schooling. These conditions hurt even more than they had before, because the new mass media with all its advertising constantly reminded Blacks of the affluence of others.

Of all forms of official discrimination in America, the segregation of races in the public schools was the most obvious. Black schools lagged miserably behind those of Whites in equipment and facilities. The 14th Amendment attempted to guarantee that the states would give their citizens the "equal protection of the laws." In the 1890's, in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, the United States Supreme Court came up with the "separate but equal phrase." The Court ruled that separate facilities for different races, as long as they were equal in quality, did not violate the 14th Amendment. The original "separate but equal" doctrine referred to railroad accommodations.

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark case for Black Americans. In 1954, the Supreme Court helped knock down some of the nation's racial barriers in its ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. The suit actually involved a number of school systems from Topeka, Kansas, to Washington, DC.

Speaking for the unanimous Court, Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that separation is inherently unequal. The following year the Court ordered 17 states to develop plans for eliminating segregation "with all deliberate speed."

In September of 1957, a federal court ordered Central High School, in Little Rock, Arkansas, to admit nine Black students. It would be September of 1958, before the situation was finally resolved and the schools reopened, integrated.

With the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was in connection with Rosa Parks being arrested for sitting near the front portion of a city bus. It would be 11 months after Rosa Parks was arrested before the Supreme Court would declare that the "Alabama segregation laws were unconstitutional."

What were Freedom Riders?

A freedom ride is when a group of people go on a bus or some other transport, to protest about something. Such as in 1965, when Charles Perkins led 30 university students on the first 'Freedom Ride,' designed to protest and bring attention to the racial discriminations of Aborigines, that was rife in rural communities.

Can the freedom to choose be a drawback?

Freedom to choose has several drawbacks:-

1. The person has to think before deciding, and thinking takes effort. Not everyone likes 'effort', especially in the 'thinking' department!

2. Having chosen, the chooser is responsible for the consequences of making that choice. Many people don't like to take responsibility for their actions. If things go wrong, they only have themselves to blame, but if they are just following orders, or have no alternatives, they feel they can't be blamed for anything bad that might happen as a result of doing what they did.

3. It takes time to choose. Shopping in a supermarket would certainly be a lot quicker if there was only one typeof everything they have on offer. Freedom to choose makes shopping a major undertaking!

4. When our minds should be focusing on major matters that need urgent solutions, our minds are being bombarded by advertising blurb which presents an ever-increasing range of things to choose from.

If we weren't distracted by all the choices we seem to have, we could be more productive and effective in those matters which vitally need our attention. But the distraction of 'choice' is so powerful that we seem to have forgotten what it is we have been distracted from!

5. Choice means waste. Manufacturers continue to produce 'ranges' of similar products in the hope of securing greater market share. With 'choice' many product lines will not be the 'flavor of the month', and all that production effort will go to waste. When people have choice it is difficult, nay, impossible to predict what they will buy. And unwanted products have to be scrapped. What a waste!

6. Freedom to choose means we have bigger wardrobes. (to house a selection of clothes from which we can choose each day) Bigger wardrobes mean bigger houses. Bigger houses mean more financial burdens. More financial burdens mean stress. Oh for the simple life! It would make getting up and going out so much easier!

How many freedom riders were there on the two buses?

There was thirteen freedom riders to start off with, seven african americans and six whites they started in Washington D.C.

Which US civil rights campaigner was assassinated in 1968?

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Michael Luther King was born January 15, 1929, to Alberta King, a schoolteacher, and Michael Luther King, a Baptist minister. Michael who was born in the heart of the south Atlanta, Georgia was later renamed Martin. In 1948 King graduates with a BA, from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1951 with a BD, from Crozer theological seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. On June 18 1953 King marries Coretta Scott in Marion, Alabama. They will later have four children: Yolanda Denise, born in 1955, martin Luther King III, born in 1957, Dexter, born in 1961, and Bernice Albertine, born in 1963. In 1954 King moves to Montgomery, Alabama to preach at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. In 1956 King receives finishes his Ph.D. in systematic theology form New England colleges. A somewhat historic point in King's life takes place on January 26, 1956 when he is arrested for driving 30 m.p.h. in a 25 m.p.h. zone. On the 30th of January his house is bombed. January 1957 black minister formed the SCLC, southern Christen Leadership Conference, a month later King is named its first president. This year King will travel 780,000 miles and make 208 speeches. 1958 King is stabbed, by and African American woman while promoting his book Stride toward Freedom, at a Harlem Bookstore. In 1959 King visits Mohandas Gandhi, in India. King's uses his passive resistance techniques for his civil-rights movement. In 1960 King leaves Atlanta to pastor his fathers church, Ebenezer Baptist Church. In 1962 King meets with President John F. Kennedy to urge him to support the civil rights movement. In 1963 King is arrested after protesting in Birmingham, Alabama desegregating department store facilities, and fair hiring practices. In April of the same year he is arrested after demonstrating, which was in defiance of a court order. King will later write "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", which later becomes a civil rights classic. On August 28 of the same year King gives his historic "I have a Dream" speech at his March on Washington, which drew 250,000 supporters. In 1964 King's second book is published Why We Can't Wait and visits West Berlin mayor Willey Brant and Pope Paul VI. In December of this year King wins the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1965, James George Robinson assaults King after he successfully registering to vote at the Hotel Albert in Selma, Alabama. In February King is arrested and jailed after protesting discrimination in voter registration. On the 9th February King meets with President Lyndon B. Johnson and other American leaders about voting rights of African Americans. From March 16-21 King and 3,200 people march from Selma to Montgomery. Then on April 4th 1968 King is assassinated on the second floor of his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, by James Earl Ray. January 20 1986 is the first celebration of King's birthday as a holiday.

Participating ina boycott often involves a sacrifice because the boycotters end up doing what?

Boycotting a certain seller or supplier can have two drawbacks. One is that other providers may charge higher prices. The other is that some goods will not be available, or in limited supply, depending on the number of suppliers. So substitutes will have to be found in some cases.

How many African Americans died in the civil rights movement?

Not many. Most blacks considered WW2 to be a white mans war. My stepfather landed at Normandy on D-day. He and many more WW2 vets told me there was a huge distrust of blacks on the battlefield. Whenever a black unit was placed to support a white unit they would desert rather than fight to support the white units hence white commanders didnt want any part of them in battle. In WW2 416,000 white men mostly christian died. Only 700 blacks and 16 women died. Many many black entertainers got out of doeing service in WW2 by telling the draft board that they hated whites and would probably kill some if they were given guns. I think it was Dizzy Gilespie that did that along with many more. Talk about hate!

What part do injunctions play in Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Sec. 204. (a) Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 203, a civil action for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order, may be instituted by the person aggrieved and, upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Attorney General to intervene in such civil action if he certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the civil action without the payment of fees, costs, or security.

inb4 Immature answers. Hope this helps.

In what case did the US Supreme Court rule that separate but equal is a contradiction in terms?

Although the Court didn't explicitly state "separate but equal" was a contradiction in terms, the actual quote makes it clear they thought it was:

"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Case Citation:

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)

For more information, see Related Questions, below.

Why was Rosa parks important in the civil rights?

By refusing to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger, she inspired the Montgomery bus boycott. Before then, Black passengers were required to board by the back door, and to sit in the back half of the bus, or to give up their seat anytime there were not enough seats in the "White" section. Civil rights activists pointed out that Black passengers were paying the same fare and getting less service, and also pointed out that there were virtually no Black bus drivers. During the Montgomery bus boycott, Black passengers simply stopped taking the bus. This really hurt the city, not only through the loss of income from bus fares, but also because Black customers couldn't get to stores to shop, many businesses suffered because Black employees couldn't get to work, etc. The boycott lasted many months, but eventually the city gave in and Black people were given the same rights on the bus as Whites. By the way, worth noting that Mrs Parks didn't need to give up her seat for the White passenger. She was alone on the 2-seat bench, but the White passenger refused to sit beside her, demanding that he be given the entire seat to himself.