Computer Networking

No, because there is a hub between star topology and every station connect to that central hub. hub cause broadcast and congession since packet loss is more likely to occur. I suggest that mesh topology is more faster as there is a dedicated link to each node.

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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel5/35/14678/00667424.pdf?temp=x

#!/bin/sh # IPTABLES PROXY script for the Linux 2.4 kernel. # This script is a derivitive of the script presented in # the IP Masquerade HOWTO page at: # www.tldp.org/HOWTO/IP-Masquerade-HOWTO/firewall-examples.html # It was simplified to coincide with the configuration of # the sample system presented in the Guides section of # www.aboutdebian.com # # This script is presented as an example for testing ONLY # and should not be used on a production proxy server. # # PLEASE SET THE USER VARIABLES # IN SECTIONS A AND B OR C echo -e "\n\nSETTING UP IPTABLES PROXY..." # === SECTION A # ----------- FOR EVERYONE # SET THE INTERFACE DESIGNATION FOR THE NIC CONNECTED TO YOUR INTERNAL NETWORK # The default value below is for "eth0". This value # could also be "eth1" if you have TWO NICs in your system. # You can use the ifconfig command to list the interfaces # on your system. The internal interface will likely have # have an address that is in one of the private IP address # ranges. # Note that this is an interface DESIGNATION - not # the IP address of the interface. # Enter the internal interface's designation for the # INTIF variable: INTIF="eth0" # SET THE INTERFACE DESIGNATION FOR YOUR "EXTERNAL" (INTERNET) CONNECTION # The default value below is "ppp0" which is appropriate # for a MODEM connection. # If you have two NICs in your system change this value # to "eth0" or "eth1" (whichever is opposite of the value # set for INTIF above). This would be the NIC connected # to your cable or DSL modem (WITHOUT a cable/DSL router). # Note that this is an interface DESIGNATION - not # the IP address of the interface. # Enter the external interface's designation for the # EXTIF variable: EXTIF="ppp0" # ! ! ! ! ! Use ONLY Section B *OR* Section C depending on # ! ! ! ! the type of Internet connection you have. # === SECTION B # ----------- FOR THOSE WITH STATIC PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES # SET YOUR EXTERNAL IP ADDRESS # If you specified a NIC (i.e. "eth0" or "eth1" for # the external interface (EXTIF) variable above, # AND if that external NIC is configured with a # static, public IP address (assigned by your ISP), # UNCOMMENT the following EXTIP line and enter the # IP address for the EXTIP variable: #EXTIP="your.static.IP.address" # === SECTION C # ---------- DIAL-UP MODEM, AND RESIDENTIAL CABLE-MODEM/DSL (Dynamic IP) USERS # SET YOUR EXTERNAL INTERFACE FOR DYNAMIC IP ADDRESSING # If you get your IP address dynamically from SLIP, PPP, # BOOTP, or DHCP, UNCOMMENT the command below. # (No values have to be entered.) # Note that if you are uncommenting these lines then # the EXTIP line in Section B must be commented out. #EXTIP="`/sbin/ifconfig ppp0 | grep 'inet addr' | awk '{print $2}' | sed -e 's/.*://'`" # -------- No more variable setting beyond this point -------- echo "Loading required stateful/NAT kernel modules..." /sbin/depmod -a /sbin/modprobe ip_tables /sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack /sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp /sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack_irc /sbin/modprobe iptable_nat /sbin/modprobe ip_nat_ftp /sbin/modprobe ip_nat_irc echo " Enabling IP forwarding..." echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr echo " External interface: $EXTIF" echo " External interface IP address is: $EXTIP" echo " Loading proxy server rules..." # Clearing any existing rules and setting default policy iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -F INPUT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -F OUTPUT iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -F FORWARD iptables -t nat -F # FWD: Allow all connections OUT and only existing and related ones IN iptables -A FORWARD -i $EXTIF -o $INTIF -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i $INTIF -o $EXTIF -j ACCEPT # Enabling SNAT (MASQUERADE) functionality on $EXTIF iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o $EXTIF -j MASQUERADE echo -e " Proxy server rule loading complete\n\n"

The receiver acknowledges packets it has received, and if the sender doesn't get an acknowledgment, it will eventually re-send the doubtful packet

no

255

A switch examines the frame for the MAC address information and adds it to its internal switching table as each frame passes through the switch.

Ascii is not a protocol - it describes a computer system's character set. Communication with a Modbus PLC requires an understanding of how to communicate and the protocol (set of rules) does describe this.

Ascii is a set of values describing the Latin codepage set that can represent certain characters in data. There are no communications "rules" with Ascii, just a data representation.

With more and more files are distributed across LAN, administrators face growing problems as they try to provide users with the access that they need. DFS provides a mechanism for administrators to create logical views of folders and files, regardless of where those files are physically located on the network. DFS also allows administrators to distribute shared folders and work loads across several servers for more efficient network and server resources use. Fault tolerance network storage resources are also available by using DFS.

DFS is a service that provides a single point of reference and a logical tree structure for file system resources that may be physically located anywhere on the network. Using DFS to share network resources across the network provides the following benefits. * By using DFS one can organize resources. * It facilitates navigation. * Facilitates administration. * Preserves permission

Disable Simple file sharing by going to "My Computer > Tools > Folder options" then click the "View" tab, scroll down to the bottom option and un-tick "Use Simple File Sharing (Recommended)" To share a folder, right click the folder and select "Properties" and then the "Sharing" tab. Make sure to select the correct permissions. You can also share printer in much the same way. Two thing to watch for, are the username and passwords must exist and be the same on all computers, and WindowsXP can only have eight connections to it at one time.

Difference between Amplifier and Repeater

1. Amplifier is used to magnify a signal, whereas repeater is used to receive and retransmit a signal with a power gain.

2. Repeater has an amplifier as a part of it.

3. Sometimes, amplifiers introduce some noise to the signal, whereas repeaters contain noise eliminating parts.

It depends on how many bits you are using for the network prefix. The formula is 2n - 2 for the number of subnets available in a prefix, or 2n if you allow the use of the 0th subnet.

wins resolve the netbios name to the system name

The most popular example of UDP protocol usage is video streaming such as Youtube, Twitch, etc.

Data connection refers to the method by which data is transmitted and received between devices or systems. This can involve various technologies, such as wired connections (like Ethernet) or wireless connections (such as Wi-Fi and cellular networks). Data connections enable communication between databases, applications, and users, facilitating the exchange and processing of information essential for various operations and services.

A network system works by connecting multiple devices, such as computers and servers, to communicate and share resources. It uses hardware components like routers, switches, and cables, along with protocols that define how data is transmitted over the network. Data is broken into packets, sent across the network, and then reassembled at the destination. This enables efficient resource sharing, communication, and collaboration among users and devices.

this is on windows server

go to run ---> dnsmgmt.msc

rightclick on the zone you want to add srv record to and choose "other new record"

and choose service location(srv).....

wondyrad

2341 Franklin ave

In most, but not all networks, rather than transmitting data in small pieces such a single character at a time, data will be sent in a larger piece referred to as a packet. The size of the packet is a tradeoff between network sharing, speed and error detection and recovery. Standard Ethernet uses a packet size of about 1500 bytes, while Wi-Fi defaults to a bit more than 2300 bytes.

The 'w' on an ARP warden stands for Warden.

ospf, bgp

make certain that antiquated protocols those once needed but now no longer used are removed. if you do not, you are leaving an opening for an attacker to access your system through weaknesses in that protocol.

Time Division Multiplexing and Frequency Division Multiplexing.

Allows multiple data channels across a single medium by separating the data streams onto different frequencies (FDM), or by sending one stream, waiting, then sending the other stream (TDM).