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Electronics Engineering
Electronics Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with practical applications of electronic components, devices, systems, or equipment. Electronics are devices that operate on low voltage sources, as in electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and printed circuit boards and use electricity as part of its driving force.
24,372 Questions
What is the purpose of signal transduction?
Its purpose is to pass message from outside the cell to inside the cell.
How many watts in a 320 volt dishwasher?
The rated voltage of an appliance is no guide to its power rating. To find out the power (watts), you will need to look at your washing machine's nameplate, which will indicate both its rated voltage and its rated power.
If you want an answer from an alter kocker (yiddish for "old fart" since we were still studying VACUUM TUBES when I took my degree in the subject, for goodness sake!), I would have to see the circuit diagram to be certain, but I have seen capacitors used as "ticklers" to ensure quick and full conduction of the rectifiers, and to cut out RF interference.
Why input impedance of FET is higher than ordinary transistor?
the gate is insulated from the channel by either a reverse biased junction or silicon dioxide.
What is the main function of a power supply unit?
The name tells you - it supplies power to the device it is part of.
How micro ohm meter work in detail?
A current is passed through a resistor and the voltage drop is measured on the other side. It follows Ohm's law by a given current and voltage you can measure the resistance of a resistor by V=IR.
How much money does The Vice president of the United States make?
He makes about $221,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 [ok its $221,000
What unit measures tube current?
Measure the plate resistors' (R) voltage (E) and use Ohms law to convert that to amps (I). I=E/R
Basically, an inductor is a coil of wire. The core of the inductor, the material it is would around, could be air, ferromagnetic material, or something else. The windings of the coil are usually copper wire, and they are coated with some kind of insulator, often enamel. It has two terminals, one at each end of the coil. Let's hook it up and see what happens.
When we apply a voltage to the coil, current will want to move through the windings. But the instant that current wants to start moving, that current will want to form a magnetic field around its path of travel. This is a fundamental concept as regards moving charges; they always form a magnetic field around their path of travel.
As the magnetic field begins to form, it will start to expand around the wire. As the field expands around one wire, that field will expand "across" other windings. Each winding will have an expanding magnetic field that "sweeps" or expands across all the other windings. As the expanding magnetic field around each wire sweeps all the other windings, it induces a voltage in those windings that opposes the voltage applied to the coil. The action of the opposing magnetic field wants to stop or prevent current flow. This is at the heart of how an inductor works, and this is the principle of induction in action. Let's follow through and tighten things up.
As the field expands and generates (induces) that opposite voltage, the inductive action will limit the ability of the windings to conduct current flow. Eventually the current will flow, but only after a bit of time. There is a "delay" between the application of voltage to an inductor and that inductor's ability to pass current through itself. This is why we say that current lags voltagein an inductor. The current only flows "later" after the voltage rises and peaks. The delay spoken of here is only very brief, but when we apply AC to an inductor (pure inductance), the current will lag the applied voltage by 90 degrees.
When voltage across an inductor peaks and falls off, the magnetic field that had built up will collapse. As this field collapses, it will again be sweeping all the windings in the coil, and will induce a voltage that wants to keep current flowing the way it was flowing already. The inductor is "resisting" a change in the current flow through it. And this is a fundamental characteristic of an inductor.
And inductor is a device that resists a change in current flow throught it. And current flow through an inductor will lag the applied voltage by 90 degrees in AC circuits, provided there is no resistance in the circuit. This is boilerplate electronics, and the electronics student will see this information in some form on a test.
For a parallel plate capacitor is The poynting vector points everywhere radially outward of the volume between plates.
What are different types of grounds in electronic circuits?
A "ground" in electric or electronic circuits, is a theoretical entity that is at zero volts everywhere. The Earth itself is often used as an approximation to this, and sometimes grounds are called "Earth" connections. There is only one ideal ground.
However, in electric and electronic engineering, much of the challenge is dealing with real-world things that differ from the ideal or theoretical model. Grounding is one of those where the difference between the ideal and real-world must be addressed. The topic of grounding and shielding is complex.
Engineers take complete courses in grounding and shielding and very senior engineers can puzzle over grounding issues for days or weeks, so it is not possible to give a comprehensive answer in a short space.
It is useful to think of some of the different functions of a ground:
1. A ground provides a return path for current
2. A ground provides a reference point for measuring other potentials or signals
3. A ground provides a safety connection for metal enclosures
4. A ground provides a shield to screen out electromagnetic noise, as in a coaxial cable or Faraday cage
5. A ground plane is needed for an antenna to function properly
6. In electronic circuits, the ground is often used as a heat sink to dissipate heat from components
It is often a good idea to use different "grounds" for different functions. For example in electrical wiring both the neutral and protective ground wires are ground connections, but one serves as a current return path and the other is a safety connection. There are very good practical reasons to have these implemented as two different wires.
In electronic circuits, different grounds are often used because real ground paths have resistance, inductance and capacitance and signals take time to travel from one part of the circuit to another--especially when thin copper traces are used on a circuit board.
The primary concern in real-world grounding is considering current flow and current paths. For example in a PC board, power returns and high-speed clock signals usually use different copper ground traces than low-level audio or sensor signal reference grounds, so that the transient current from switching does not affect the ground reference for tiny signals. The grounds are tied together at one point, so that there is no circuit path for current to travel between the paths, but they are at the same potential voltage.
None of this would be necessary if we had an ideal ground--zero volts everywhere, with no impedance between any two points.
JSS - Joint Services Specifications.
This specifications are made by and used by defence for quality.
JSS 55555 also known as JSS Penta Five is for environmental specifications. You can also find many different number like Penta Five which is for other quality specifications
What is a Class AB power amplifier?
That would take some time to explain so I'll just give you a link.
http://www.bcae1.com/ampclass.htm
If voltage is 12 volts and ohms is 0.5 how many amps in circuit?
Ohm's law: Volts = Amps * Ohms, or Amps = Volts / Ohms 12 volts / 0.5 ohms = 24 amps
Is it possible to cut-off the mains power supply using infrared sensor?
IF the sensor is part of a switch yes.
What is the difference between a microwave and a radio wave?
Microwaves are radio waves of very high frequency/ very short wavelength.
The exact boundary is not well defined, but frequencies over about one gigahertz (1 000 000 000 Hz) are generally considered "microwave". This boundary, as a wavelength, is anything shorter than about 30 cm.
The top end is also loosely defined, as extremely short "radio" waves eventually become infra-red radiation. "Microwaves" extend around 100 gigahertz in frequency, equal to one millimetre (1/10th of a centimetre) in wavelength.
The region between microwaves and infra-red is commonly known as "millimetre/millimetric" waves.
How can a copper wire b silver on the outside?
Its probably not silver. Its probably tin plated to make it easier to solder.
Can I check the capacitor value by using analog or multimeter?
You can see if the capacitor charges and discharges with an ohmmeter. You can check the value of the capacitor if the multimeter has the facility. With an ESR meter you can establish the value of the capacitor while in circuit.
Why it is called alternating current and not alternating voltage?
Although in AC, the voltage does change, it is the reversing of direction of flow of the current which was used to designate the AC name.
AnswerIn engineering terminology, the abbreviation a.c. is considered to be an adjective. So, it is quite normal to talk about an 'a.c. voltage', in just the same way as we describe an 'a.c. system', or an 'a.c. motor', etc. However, it is also correct to use the term 'alterating voltage', where applicable.The plus and minus voltage sign for resistance voltage, drops for battery voltages, and drops for currents is determined by convention. You can use whatever method you want - so long as your use is consistent, your analytical results will be correct for you.
The commonly accepted convention, however, is best. This way, other people reviewing your results will not be confused unless, of course, they use an atypical convention.
Electric current flow is electron flow. The battery terminal marked "negative", or the cathode, is the source of electrons, and those electrons are drawn to, and flow towards, the "positive" terminal, or anode.
Consider a simple circuit, consisting of a battery in series with a resistor. Draw the battery on the left, with the anode up. Draw the resistor on the right. Connect the anode to the top of the resistor, and the cathode to the bottom of the circuit. (Actually, this is also a parallel circuit, with the battery in parallel with the resistor. It depends on how you see it, because this is a simple circuit.)
Current flows out of the bottom (cathode, negative) battery terminal, into the bottom of the resistor, up through the resistor to its top, over to the left, and into the top (anode, positive) battery terminal, and down through the battery, completing the circuit at the cathode. This is counter-clockwise, if you have drawn the circuit as stated.
If you place a voltmeter across the battery, you will see that the anode (top) is more positive than the cathode. If you place a voltmeter across the resistor, you will see that the top is more positive than the bottom. It does not matter if you measure across the battery or the resistor, the voltage will be the same. If you place the voltmeter across the wire on the bottom, or across the wire on the top, you will see that the voltage is zero.
With the preliminaries out of the way, now to the convention.
Current flow is counter-clockwise, from cathode to anode. If you were to draw a current arrow, you could draw it counter-clockwise, down through the battery and up through the resistor. You would label the first point that the current encounters (the bottom of the resistor) as negative, or minus. As the current goes through the resistor, it becomes more positive, so you would label the top of the resistor positive, or plus. Go over to the anode. That is also plus. The current is made more negative due to the battary being a source, rather than a load, so the cathode is minus.
These pluses and minuses are relative to each other, and they are also relative to some common reference point, said point by convention being the cathode. In this simple circuit, there is only one point that has any voltage different than the cathode, and that is the anode, so this distinction might be vague.
Consider then, the case where the resistor is actually two resistors in series. Again, the bottom resistor starts minus on its connection to the cathode, it becomes more positive as the current goes up, making the top of the bottom resistor plus. The bottom of the top resistor is minus, because current is flowing into it, and it becomes more positive as the current goes up, with the top of the top resistor plus.
When you measure voltage across an element, you see the voltage for that element. If, instead, you measure the voltage relative to the common reference point, and there is more than one element between the voltmeter's leads, you add up the voltage rises or drops to figure out what to expect. In fact, this is the basis for Kirchoff's voltage law - that the signed sum of the voltage drops around a series circuit always adds up to zero.
So, this preliminary convention is that current flow leaves the minus terminal of a voltage or current source, and enters the minus terminal of a voltage or current load. It then enters the plus terminal of a voltage or current source, and leaves the plus terminal of a voltage or current load.
Now, to confuse you, another convention states that current flows from plus to minus, not from minus to plus. This means that current leaves the plus terminal of a source, and enters the plus terminal of a load, and it enters the minus terminal of a source and leaves the minus terminal of a load.
It does not really matter which convention you use. The positions of the plus and minus signs will be the same - its just that the current arrow will point in the opposite direction - in this example, clockwise instead of counter-clockwise. What is important is to be consistent in your use of the plus or minus sign as the current enters and leaves a source or a load.
The convention of current flow is arbitrary. So long as you are consistent in your application, you will get the correct results.
It is generally accepted that current flow is electron flow, which means that current flows from the negative side of a voltage or current source towards the positive side.
Often, however, current is considered to flow from positive to negative. While this makes perception in circuit analysis more straightforward, it does not change the analytical results.
