Electronics

The Instrumentation Technology, being an inter-disciplinary branch of engineering, is heading towards development of new & intelligent sensors, smart transducers, MEMS Technology, Blue tooth Technology. The automation systems in the production are rapidly being enhanced and the demand for highly skilled instrumentation engineers is on the rise. In the instrumentation systems manufacturing sector, the demand for well trained process control engineering graduates is always present. This BE (IT) course provides Instrumentation students with sound theoretical & practical training in the operation and design of electronic instruments, digital logic systems, and computer based automatic process control & instrumentation, & automatic control system design, etc. To meet the industrial requirements of future, students are also made to become well versed with personal computer applications in Instrumentation, Process Control Systems Design, PLCs, DSP Architecture & Design, Microprocessors and Microcontroller System Design & Experimentation, Industrial Electronics & Applications.

The only way to delete objects in an object oriented programming language (unless they were created in heap memory) is for the object to go out of scope. If the object is declared in the heap, in c++ you would use delete[] ptr; or delete ptr; where ptr is a pointer to your object.

The cosine of phase difference between the voltage and current...........

Power factor is actually the ratio of the electrical 'true power' that does work in the real world - the 'watts' of power that are converted to mechanical motion, heat etc - compared to the 'apparent power' volt-amps that the meters on the panel seem to show the load as using.

Circuits containing inductors or capacitors draw energy from the supply mains to 'charge' (ie, store energy in their magnetic or electrostatic fields) while the voltage of the sinewave is changing but they return this energy to the supply 90 degrees later. This means they are drawing a current (drawing volt-amps), but not doing useful work with that current, so they're not consuming any true power (watts). An effect of inductors and capacitors is that they move the current waveform out of phase with the voltage waveform. The higher the proportion of stored energy to useful work, the greater the angle between voltage and current.

Pure resistors don't store any energy, so all the volt-amps they draw get used as watts in the load. There's no phase shift between voltage and current, so they're 'in phase'. All the volt-amps are used as watts, so true power equals apparent power, and the ratio of true power to apparent power is 1.0 in a resistor. It has a 'power factor' of 1.0, or 'unity'.

Circuits with inductors (or capacitors), though, draw volt-amps, some of which do useful work (eg, an inductive motor drives a load and heats the cooling air) and some of which is returned to the mains (from the stored magnetic field in the motor windings collapsing). Because some of the volt-amps are returned to the mains, there's less true power than volt-amps - so the power factor is less than 1.0 F'rinstance, a 220 volt motor draws 10 amps at full load, but delivers 2000 watts of power at the same time. It has a power factor of (true power) / (apparent power) = 2000 / (220 x 10) = 0.91

That means 91% of the 'apparent power' - volt-amps - is actually doing useful work - true power. Some places give power factor as a decimal fraction - 0.91 - while others give it as a percentage - 91%. In all cases, though, the angle between the voltage and the current - the 'phase angle' - can be found by finding the angle that has a cosine equal to the power factor. eg, the phase angle in the above example is (cos-1(0.91) or about 24.5 degrees lagging. That's what the answer at the top of this question is saying.

DC Analysis: For this analysis, frequency is made zero and the voltage of the source is increased in small steps from 0V.And the output voltage is plotted. So, finally we get a Vout vs Vin curve. AC Analysis: In this analysis, we choose an AC source. We keep the Offset voltage = 0V, AC voltage or small signal voltage = 2V (You can take any voltage you wish and it doesnt matter). So, to plot the ac response or frequency response of the circuit, increase the frequency in steps and note the output voltage. from this analysis , we can find the gain of the circuit over frequency.

A: The procedure is very simple must have a voltmeter and must have a very low value of shunt in series with the circuit whereby the IR drop will be converted into amps. That works for DC only. For AC the signal is rectified and then measured or a flux clamp can measure the current

A Diode is a device which allows current to flow only in one direction (see forward bias).

Since a rectifier needs to convert Alternating current(bi-directional) into Direct current(uni-directional), solid-state diodes are usually used as rectifiers.

any circuity in a computer shouldn't be handled without a esd(electro-static-discharge) wrap as a safety precaution to prevent damage to components, although there maybe some components which are not sensitive to static. the main parts of the computer which definitely shouldn't be handled without esd wrist straps are high impedance components such as the cpu,gpu or any other flash chips or microprocessors.

this transistor is common emitter configurated transistor nd if emmiter nd collector both terminals are reversed bias then no current will be flowing through th terminal...

The purpose of an ammeter is to sense and display the magnitude of the current

flowing through it. When connected in series with a branch of an electrical circuit,

the meter displays the magnitude (and direction) of the current in that path ... which

you can't otherwise tell just by looking at the circuit.

In Pakistan, ranking of universities is determined by the HEC. The ranking list(alternative link) is available at the following website:

http://www.paked.net/higher_education/hec_university_rankings.htm

A block circuit shows subcircuits as blocks that are connected to each other. In an audio amplifier, for instance, the preamplifier might be a block, the EQ section might be a block, and the power amplifier might be a block. The schematic diagram shows all the internal details of each of these blocks.

Indeed yes. The magnetic core material does have some energy losses associated with its operation. These are known as hysteresis losses, and show up as the magnetic device (transformer, solenoid) becoming warm.

A transformer itself, merely reflects to its primary winding the conditions of the secondary winding. Their resistive losses, their phase change and so on.

Learning Electrical Engineering by yourself is much better than going to school, because you can choose the books and style of learning that you want. The most difficult part is finding out what works for you. I taught myself electrical engineering and now work in a firm as an electrical designer, and I am now on my way to getting my PE License. For me the most difficult part was teaching myself the mathematics and physics. It took me a long time to find the right way to learn these subjects on my own, but once I figured it out, I flew through the learning process, and was able to get my first job. I used these 2 books: Engineering Mathematics, and Advanced Engineering Mathematics by K.A. Stroud. These books teach you all the mathematics and physics that you could ever need, and they use a programmed approach to teaching that make it somehow painless to learn even the most complex subjects.

Now you have to learn how to apply your new found mathematical skills, which really you can do anything with, but since you want to go into Electrical Engineering I advise that you get the most basic easy to understand book about electricity ever written, Basic Electricity by Van Valkenburgh. After you have a good grasp of this book you should be ready to decide what specific area of electrical engineering you want to go into. Electrical Engineering is a very large field, but as long as you have a grasp on the mathematics and physics involved you should be able to go into any area you want. There are two major categories to choose from, Electronics or Electrical Engineering. Electronics is concerned with small circuits often found in modern technology. Electrical engineering is concerned with much bigger things like power supply, and distribution, and electrical infrastructure.

The next thing you need to do is start applying for internships or any kind of job at an engineering firm. If you can prove that you know the mathematics and have a grasp on electricity, you should be able to get your foot in the door some how. Once you are in you have to work under a licensed PE for 3 years, and then you will be eligible to take the Fundamentals of Engineering exam, which you should be able to pass as long as you have kept learning for those 3 years. Then a few years later, forgot exactly how many more, you will be eligible for the PE exam. Once you pass this exam you will be a Licensed professional engineer.

Seems like a long road, but even if you go to school, you still have to take the FE exam, and the PE exam. Becoming an engineer in general takes a long time, and takes a lot of passion. I got there this way, and would recommend it over school, because you start getting professional experience sooner, and you avoid a lot of useless classes and fees.

A good way to gauge your progress is to look up the FE exam requirements and see what you need to know.

One example might be in a warehouse where the robots follow 'tracks' to and from the shelves they stock and retrieve from.

color coding of resistor:black,brown,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,voilet,grey,white

these colors are ranked as:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

tolerance:silver,gold,no color

ratings:5%,10%,20%

If you really work hard every course has a good scope.

latest technology in communication slide should be 4G and 6th sense technology.

No, Terminal voltage of a battery can't be zero. For example, if my mobile's battery is at low charge. It is showing only one point of charge on screen, but there will be no fluctuation on its screen, all the other features like audio, video, display will remain same unless it will become fully out of charge. Charge could be zero but the voltage can't be zero.

Well, actually the terminal voltage of a battery can be zero, but only when the battery is totally dead and unable to take a charge (if it was a rechargeable type battery). At this point it must be disposed of.

One exception is wet cell batteries (like lead acid), if the liquid electrolyte is removed the terminal voltage goes to zero but the battery is still good and can be restored to normal operation by refilling it with electrolyte. In fact wet cell batteries are often sold fully charged but with no electrolyte and their terminal voltage is thus zero on the store shelf until the salesman fills them with electrolyte.

1. heat. If it's hot enough, blackbody radiation (e.g. incandescent light bulb)

2. Electromagnetic radiation (radio waves, magnetic or electric coupling to adjacent conductors) if the current is changing.

5v

A: Each IC has unique operating parameters never the less it require instruments. A VOM can solve some problems but never all of them. For instance an amplifier oscillation it may Lock like a bad part but there is nothing wrong with the component if the oscillation is stopped. An oscilloscope can display the problem visually and it can be fixed, The oscilloscope may display the problems but interpreting the display is an art by itself.