History of Judaism

The term "Nazi ghetto" is misleading. Nazis were not placed in a ghetto, but rather this is a term to refer to the "ghettos for Jews built by the Nazis" in comparison to the historic Jewish ghettos throughout Europe.

One of the fundamental differences between Jewish ghettos prior to the 19th century and those instituted by the Nazis was the size. The Nazi ghettos were larger in physical area, but denser in terms of population (because Jews from the countryside were pushed into the city ghettos).

A more noticeable difference was that the Nazi ghettos were completely sealed off from the rest of the city. While historic ghettos sometimes had curfews, during the day Jews could usually leave, do business, and generally interact with Non-Jews. Since the point of the Nazi ghettos was to quarantine the Jews from the rest of the population, they were unable to ever leave the ghetto. Concrete Walls and fences were erected in order to lock the Jews in and these were monitored by Nazi German soldiers.

Another difference was the leadership structure of the ghetto. The historic ghettos were given license by the Christian Kings to self-organize as long as they paid taxes and punished crimes perpetrated against Christians. This meant that the Kahal (Board of Trustees of the Jewish Community) made laws and helped organize the area. In the Nazi ghettos, the Nazis created a mockery of the Kahal called the Judenrat which was a council of Jews responsible for implementing Nazi policy within the ghetto and submitting lists of names for deportation to the Death Camps. The lack of Jewish autonomy and set up for the Holocaust are also key differences.

The only real similarity is that all three were ethnic nationalisms that focused on a secular government. They catered to different populations in different areas of the world and had many aspects relating specifically to those populations.

the answer is Cairo

If you are referring to the Golden Age of Islamic Spain (800s-1000s), the Muslims were in power at that time, so they treated themselves quite well. The Jews and Christians were treated as second-class citizens in what would today be called apartheid, but what was at that time rather tolerant.

North of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan river.

There were 8 large Jewish communities near the Mediterranean Sea in 200 C.E. They are Antioch, Sidon, Tyre, Damascus, Alexandria, Rome, Corinth, and Ephesus.

It's the candelabra which is lit during Hanukkah.

On Hanukkah, the chief celebration is for the miracle of the oil (Talmud, Shabbat 21b), which occurred during the Hasmonean victory over the Syrian-Greeks; and we also thank God for His having helped us to oust the Syrian-Greeks (Seleucids) and their lackeys, the Hellenizing Jews. The Seleucids, at the instigation of the Hellenizers, had forbidden various Torah-practices, such as Sabbath-observance, and pressed the Jews to offer up idolatrous sacrifices. The Hasmoneans (a religious Jewish family) fought to retake the Holy Temple, which had been seized by the Seleucids, and to enable the people to once again observe the Torah. When they reached the Temple grounds, they found only one day's supply of pure olive oil, but the oil lamps miraculously burned for eight days (ibid.), allowing enough time for new oil to be prepared and brought.

The significance of the miracle is that it demonstrated that God's presence still dwelt in the Holy Temple.

The Al-Hanisim prayer recited during Hanukkah centers around the Hasmoneans' victory, while the candle-lighting commemorates the miracle of the oil.

Henry VIII was at one time a very celebrated Catholic, so much so that he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" by the pope for a tract he had done with support from St. Thomas More in defense of the Sacraments against the Protestants. However, Henry had a falling out with the Church, largely due to his desire to secure an annulment that he might remarry, for his current wife had not produced an heir. When the pope refused and St. Thomas More would not aid him, Henry began to take steps to gain political control over the Church. In the end, a complete break was enacted and Henry is ultimately credited with establishing the Church of England, or Anglicanism. Rejecting papal authority, the crown became the supreme temporal authority in religious matters. Along with this came the doctrinal and disciplinary changes that were influenced by Protestantism on the main continent.

He was not a protestant, but he was anti-papal, which means he was against the supremacy of Rome. He called himself a good Catholic on several accounts, and he burned Protestants as heretics. However, he did not believe that the Pope was all powerful in terms of religion, and so he separated from the Church and made himself Supreme Head of the Church of England

It depends on what aspect of Jewish history is being discussed. There is actually strong agreement between the Bible and the Babylonian accounts of the Judean-Babylonian Wars and the Babylonian Exile. The rest of the Biblical Account is neither confirmed nor denied by Babylonian writings.

God forgives their sins in the same way as He forgives the sins of Muslims or Buddhists or Hindus or... He forgives them if they repent. As Jews are not Catholics (or Orthodox), they cannot go to confession.

Do you mean Moses ou John ? Do you mean Moses ou John ?

organized violence against jews

This is a nebulous question because dates and adversaries are not provided. The question could refer to the Invasion of the Mongols who not only burnt several Persian cities to the ground, sacked the Abbassid capital of Baghdad, and murdered many millions of civilians while the Muslim armies failed to put up any serious resistance (with the possible exceptions of the Hashashin Ismailis in Iran for a few years and the Mamluks at Ain-Jalut).

It may also refer to the Khedivite and Mamluk resistance to European colonial armies or the Ottoman forces that fought in World War I, because all three of those Muslim armies did pitifully in battle. (The War with the Khedivites was a slaughter - the Europeans massacred their opponents.)

It may also refer to the victory of Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 C.E. or the victory centuries later by King Jan Sobieski III of Poland at the Siege of Vienna, both of whose victories prevented Islam from completely overrunning Europe.

Before the Holocaust, in 1933, the Jewish population in Europe was approximately 9.5 million. By the end of World War II in 1945, it is estimated that around 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, resulting in a significant decline in the Jewish population. Post-war, the Jewish population in Europe was roughly 3.5 million, reflecting the devastating impact of the Holocaust on Jewish communities.

Two notable kings who ruled ancient Israel prior to the Babylonian conquest are King David and his son King Solomon. David is celebrated for uniting the tribes of Israel and establishing Jerusalem as the capital, while Solomon is known for building the First Temple and expanding trade and cultural ties. Their reigns marked a significant period of prosperity and strength in Israel's history.

The development of Judaism was crucial for the Ancient Hebrews as it provided them with a distinct religious identity and a moral framework centered on a covenant with a single, omnipotent God. This belief system fostered a sense of community and continuity among the Hebrews, especially during periods of exile and persecution. Additionally, the laws and teachings of Judaism guided their social and ethical behavior, influencing their culture, traditions, and societal structures. Ultimately, Judaism laid the foundation for future monotheistic religions and shaped the spiritual landscape of the region.

While there is still a traditional counting and observance of the Sabbatical Year, the counting of the Jubilee year has been lost.