History of Judaism

The alleged battle of Jericho involving Joshua reported in the Old Testament did not occur as the city site was unoccupied at the time.

1) King David authored/compiled the book of Psalms and gave it to us in its present form (Talmud, Bava Batra 14b). The Psalms (Tehillim), which we might call the soul of the Jewish people, express the yearning of King David and of the entire nation to be close to God. They are one of the foundations of our prayerbook to this day.

2) King David was the one who finally succeeded in subduing all of the surrounding nations (see 2 Samuel ch.8 and ch.10) plus the entire territory of Israel, something which no one else did previously or subsequently. He succeeded in all his endeavors (1 Samuel 16:18).

3) He secured from the prophet Nathan a promise from God that his (David's) son Solomon would build the Holy Temple (2 Samuel ch.7). The First Temple is actually considered the accomplishment of David himself (Rashi commentary, Berakhot 18a), since it existed in his merit (Sefer Torat Chaim, commenting on Talmud, Shabbat 30a).

4) He set the blueprints, with Divine inspiration, for the Holy Temple (1 Chronicles 28:19). Together with the prophet Samuel, he located the spot where the Temple would be built (Talmud, Zevachim 54b); and he dug the foundations for the Temple (Talmud, Sukkah 53a).

5) He amassed vast amounts of material and precious metals for the construction of the Temple (1 Chronicles ch.29).

6) Together with Samuel, he instituted the 24 groupings of families of Kohanim and Levites (Talmud, Taanit 27a).

7) He served God all the days of his life (1 Kings 11:38); and God was with him (1 Samuel 16:18).

8) He was without peer in clarifying and applying the halakhot (laws) of the Oral Tradition (Talmud, Sanhedrin 93b).

9) King David serves as the archetype of the effectiveness of repentance (Talmud, Avodah Zarah 4b).

Jews have been migrating to Europe ever since the start of Judaism.

I believe this is the convenant that God made with Abraham to make of Abraham's family a great nation.

He simply did not disagree with any of God's Commandments. He corrected the wrong interpretations of the day's religious leaders. These followed the letter of the Law and created additional restraints within it so that it became a heavy burden upon the people. Jesus showed the spiritual meaning of the Law, enlarging it to its original intent and obeyed it fully as the Lord of the Sabbath. After all, as all was created via Jesus as John 1: 1-3 clearly states, then it was He who gave the Sabbath rest to mankind in Genesis and fully understood its intended purpose.

Herzl explained quite well that the European concept of a nation-state was dependent on the idea that all of the people in any particular nation were of the same ethnic stock and heritage. Jews were branded by this system to be "the Other" and were regarded at best as possible equals and at worse as traitors, spies, thieves, and fifth columns. When the Dreyfus Affair turned out marches in Paris that said "Death to the Jews" on account of a kangaroo court against a particular guiltless Jew, it became clear that the Jew could not be integrated into Europe. After the Holocaust, the strongest proof that the Jew and the European Nation-State were irreconcilable, this view persists. In Europe, it is now directed at the Muslims since the Jews are not large enough of a threat to the European System. Unlike Muslims, though, which can return to their countries of origin if the discrimination becomes intolerable, the Jews did not have such a place. This is why the Jewish State is necessary. Since it came into existence it has accepted Jewish political refugees from over 50 nations and flown missions at its own expense to rescue Jews from at least 10 nations.

The US was still following the policiy of isolationism.

Judaism is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. According to traditional Rabbinic Judaism, God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. This was historically challenged by the Karaites, a movement that flourished in the medieval period, retains several thousand followers today and maintains that only the Written Torah was revealed. In modern times, liberal movements such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic.

Judaism claims a historical continuity spanning more than 3000 years. It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions, and the oldest to survive into the present day. The Hebrews / Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title "Children of Israel." Judaism's texts, traditions and values play a major role in later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i Faith. Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law.

Jews are an ethnoreligious group that includes those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2007, the world Jewish population was estimated at 13 million, of whom about 40% reside in Israel and 40% in the United States.[1 The largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. A major source of difference between these groups is their approach to Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more "traditional" interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, but in the sacred texts and the many rabbis and scholars who interpret these texts.

Arab Nationalism as a movement developed as a movement in opposition to European Colonialism and Imperialism. Using European conceptions of the nation-state, Arabs declared that they should not be under the heel of a foreign government from abroad and articulated their own cultural values. This was a fundamental change in government from the pre-European leadership in the Middle East, which was predominantly Islamic Caliphates. The Islamic Caliphates were imperial monarchies united by religion in a quasi-theocratic ideology as opposed to Arab Nationalism which called for European-style secular republics based on the Arab national identity.

European Colonialism had nothing to do with the development of Zionism. Zionism developed in reaction to the nationalism in southeastern Europe. Some Jews in Europe believed that the only way to solve the "Jewish Question" satisfactorily would be to create a Jewish State, forming the Jewish Nationalist movement or Zionism. Zionists tried to convince the Ottoman Empire to allow the Jews to establish such a state in Ottoman Palestine. When the Ottomans proved disinterested, the Zionists endeavored with the European Powers to help establish a Jewish State. The Germans, French, and British declared interest in doing this and when Palestine fell under British control, Zionism began to be realized in the British Mandate.

The Desert, or better known as the Desert Scrub, makes up most of Egypt and the middle kingdom. The other major vegetation zone is the Nile, due to the yearly flooding, so that wheat, barley, reed, papyrus, and other plants can grow. So, 1: Desert 2:Nile River (wooded area)

Kristallnacht had many purposes. Among them are the following:

1) Engaging Germans in Anti-Semitism: Although Hitler was popular and his reforms pleased many Germans, there was still substantial resistance to the notion that Jews should be treated drastically worse than everybody else. Kristallnacht created a way for those who were "on-the-fence" to join in with the Anti-Semitic Acts and feel like they were a part of something larger.

2) Setting the Tone: Hitler carefully calculated how much Anti-Semitism he could bring about at any one time so that his population would not be alienated by a rapid shift in policy. Kristallnacht set a new tone which showed that Jews could no longer truly be safe in the Nazi State, even if they were denied all of their rights. This laid the groundwork for the re-ghetto-ization of the Jewish communities and eventual exterminations of those communities.

3) Promulgating Fear: Outside of the Nazi Leadership, nobody expected Kristallnacht and its outburst made many Jews fearful of what could happen to them in the future. The not-knowing made it especially painful.

4) Lower Human Emotions: Greed, Power, Zealotry and other highly charged emotions also formed rationales for the actions on Kristallnacht.

According to official Russian documents, yes, her nationality was listed as Jewish. This can be seen on Vladimir Putins own Passport documents as parents nationalities must be named. This was and is a common practice in Russia, putting "Jewish" as a nationality eve though they may have lived in Russia for centuries.

Zionism is the belief that the Jews should have political self-sovereignty and is the patriotic sentiment behind the Establishment of the State of Israel. A Zionist is anyone who supports that belief and therefore the Existence of Israel. There are numerous Zionists, typically called "left-wing Zionists", who are more than willing to negotiate with Palestinians and give up a portion of Mandatory Palestine for an Arab State. There are also numerous Zionists, typically called "right-wing Zionists" or "Greater Israel Zionists", who believe that all of Israel is Jewish land and united Jerusalem is its capital and that the the Jewish Temple to God will be rebuilt someday, most likely on top of the Temple Mount.

New York

Throughout Europe, Near East, Middle East, North Africa, the Soviet Union and the Americas, with smaller numbers in Central Asia, South Asia and elsewhere.

Dreyfus was found guilty and convicted in a secret court martial. He was then stripped of his of army rank.

Prior to the Soviets, the Czar commanded that all Jews live within the Pale of Settlement, which was in western Russia. In the Soviet era, Stalin sent some Jews (and others) to Siberia. There was also a Jewish settlement which the Soviets created in Birobidzhan (at about 49 degrees N latitude in southeastern Siberia), in which they forced several tens of thousands of Jews to live.

The Askenazim are the Jews who descend from the Jews in medieval Germany who migrated into central and eventually eastern Europe. The Yiddish word for Germany was Askenaz.

The secular language of the Ashkenazim was Yiddish, a medieval form of German, mixed with Hebrew, and later also with Slavic words, that was written with Hebrew characters.