Immune System

This response is called an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity reaction. It can lead to symptoms such as skin rash, itching, swelling, or even more severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) is the name for the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) found in humans.  MHC class I molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) are found on pretty much all cells (some important exceptions are red blood cells).  MHC Class II molecules (HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DR) are found on special antigen presenting cells, which include B-lymphocytes, dentritic cells, and macrophages.

This statement is not accurate. The immune system is designed to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders, such as microorganisms. It targets and attacks only those that are recognized as harmful, while leaving healthy cells untouched.

White blood cells are produced by the body in response to an abnormal organism inside the body. An increased WBC count would then indicate infection, with an increase in specific types of WBCs indicating different types of infections.

A very loose correlation can be made between breaking down gelatin and the ability to breakdown tissue. The scientific process can only be replicated within a lap environment but with the constant evolution of bacterium it is possible at some point for the gelatin and tissue correlation to be much stronger.

Yes, antibodies have a carbohydrate structure attached to the Fc region, which can affect their stability, solubility, and function. These carbohydrate structures play a role in protein folding, immune response modulation, and interaction with other molecules.

Yes, mast cells release histamine in response to the allergen-antibody reaction. When an allergen binds to specific antibodies on the surface of mast cells, it triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, leading to allergy symptoms.

Pathogenic foodborne bacteria grow best in food with a pH above 4.6. This pH level provides an environment conducive for their growth and reproduction. Foods with a pH below 4.6 are generally considered less favorable for the growth of these bacteria.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with a segmented nucleus are also known as neutrophils. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by attacking and destroying pathogens.

Complement proteins are a group of proteins in the immune system that work together to enhance the body's ability to fight infections. They can help to attract immune cells to the site of infection, stimulate inflammation, and destroy pathogens by forming membrane attack complexes. Complement proteins play a critical role in the innate immune response.

Yes. The primary function of white blood cells in fighting infection is phagocytosis, or the engulfment, (eating) of cells, cell fragments, and pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.).

2. Cell-mediated immunity. T cells play a key role in cell-mediated immunity by directly attacking infected cells or coordinating the immune response.

Antigens incite the immune response by being processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to T cells. Once presented, the antigens can activate specific immune responses, leading to the generation of memory cells and effector cells that target the antigen. Antigens that are not processed, reduced, or combined with other proteins may not effectively stimulate the immune system.

A damaged or weakened pathogen is one that has been altered in a way that reduces its ability to cause disease. This can be achieved through processes like heat treatment or genetic modification. These weakened pathogens can be used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response without causing illness.

Foreign invaders are marked by antigens on their surface, which attracts phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils. These phagocytes recognize the antigens as non-self and engulf the invaders through a process called phagocytosis, helping to remove them from the body.

If the immune system stopped working, the body would be unable to defend itself against infections from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This could result in severe illness, increased susceptibility to common infections, and increased risk of developing serious diseases.

Prions are the easiest way to answer this. Prions are like mis-folded proteins that cannot reproduce. When a prion enters a cell, it interacts with the normal protein and transforms it into the prion's version. By transmissible pathogen it means that the forgein body is able to be passed along.

If you toched someone with it you would catch it. ALso many people tried to run away which just caused it to spread more. the disease came from rats and people's toilets so it is all over the streets. The dead bodies could still spread the disease too.

Natural killer (NK) cells have receptors that recognize "self" proteins on healthy cells, preventing them from attacking these cells. These receptors help distinguish healthy cells from abnormal or infected cells. Additionally, healthy cells release molecules that send inhibitory signals to NK cells, further preventing them from attacking self cells.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is caused by various strains of the human papillomavirus.

Yes, pathogens can attack human tissue by invading and multiplying within the body, leading to infection and disease. They can disrupt normal cell functions, cause damage to tissues, and trigger the immune system response.

Elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection due to filaria worms--a type of nematode. Mosquitoes are the vector that carries the parasite. They must bite a person and inject the worm and bacteria in the worm which causes an immune response in the host. It is a tropical disease. Once the mosquito bites a person, its larvae migrate to the host's lymphatic system. Once there, they collect in the lymph nodes and cause a blockage of the tissue fluid--lymph. This leads to swelling in areas of the body such as the legs, and genitals although it can occur elsewhere as well. When the larvae mature into adult worms, they mate releasing more eggs which develop into larvae, continuing the life cycle. Another type of elephantiasis is due to contact with irritant soil that can cause a similar reaction. Treatment includes surgery for scrotal elephantiasis, but not for the limb. Drugs like Albendazole, which is used for a variety of worm infestations, is used. Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic, can also be used. Scientists are working on a vaccine to prevent this from occuring. Wearing shoes, washing feet and legs carefully are other strategies along with spraying the area for mosquitoes and using mosquito nets when sleeping, to avoid the disease vector.

Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response

I think this is talking about the physical barriers that stop a foreign substance from entering the body. Mucous, skin, hair... those are physical barriers that stop foreign substances from entering the body.

Activates T and B cells in response to an infection

There are two types of T cells, helper cells which help B cells, and Killer Cells which kill foreign substances. The T cells are activated when a phagocyte eats a foreign substance and takes it to the spleen to identify what the foreign substance is. The T cells make an antigen that binds to the foreign substance so the B cells can "kill" the foreign invader.

Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent

Sam process except it is more faster then previously. The immune system creates memory B cells that remember the foreign substance and it begins immune responses to fight off the infectious agent.

Distinguishes self from non self

It is all about the antigens. If the person has an antibody for a flu or something, it will fight that flu that has the antigen for the flu. If it has an antibody for something that is self that is called an autoimmune response which is not good at all.