Industrial Engineering

A Rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube. It is occasionally misspelled as "rotometer." It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing some measurable effect.

BTU is an abbreviation for British Thermal Unit. This represents how much heat or energy is required to increase the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. Gasoline, on average, creates between 115,000 and 125,000 BTUs. In contrast, ethanol creates about 75,000 BTUs.

A constraint "CONSTRAINS" what can be inserted in a field, or what is provided in a result set. As an example you can add a constraint to a field that says whatever data is inserted MUST be 10 characters in length. constraints format the existing system in an elucidating manner by enhancing or modifying the existing rules

water

To answer this question the voltage of the unit must be given.

Need to know the pipe diameter. 3 inch is the diameter of the galvanized pipe what is the working pressure of the pipe

The reducing agent grabs oxygen or other impurities from the molten metal so making a more refined product

For example, coke reduces ZnO to Zn and Fe2O3 to Fe

The first link points to a page describing their work in America, the second is for Canada.

A service economy is based on providing services. For example, backpacking trips, jet ski rental, motorcycle rental, bicycle rental, hotel rental, vacation rentals, boat rentals, jumper rentals, car rentals, game rentals, theme parks. Almost anything you would do on vacation or where someone is providing a service for you: waiting your table, cleaning your hotel room, cleaning your clothing. A manufacturing economy is based on using tools to make a product. China has a huge manufacturing economy right now. They can produce almost any item, from computers to dining room tables. This is a very quick idea to begin discussion about the differences between these economies. Hawaii has a service economy because lots of people go there for vacations. Most of the tourism money comes from service businesses. On the other hand China is making most of their money by producing products in large factories.

Titanium?

No titanium isn't a steel, titanium has a very good strength to weight ratio but its not as strong as high strength steel.

Probably the best all around high strength steel, if you count hardness, tensil strength, shear, and yield is englin steel number 5. It has a yield of about 245,000 psi an ultimate strength of around 293,000 psi a harness of 45.6 and an impact of about 75 joules. And its cheaper than exotic alloys, you can build aircraft with the stuff when weight isn't an issue ant it is plenty strong enough. Its also very strong even in high temp unlike titanium.

ERW stands for Electric Resistance welded pipe. A plate rolled to become a pipe and welded using Electric Resistance Welding process. Usully for for high diemeter. (cheapest process avaiable)

ERW tubing or Electric Resistance Welded tubing is not as strong as DOM tubing or Drawn Over Mandrel tubing. Usually when tube is made, it starts off as a flat sheet and this is rolled up into a tube and welded. DOM tubing is usually made the same way but there is an extra process where this tube is drawn through a die along with a mandrel to control the outer and inner diameters of the tube. This extra process strengthens the steel since it is cold formed by up to 20%. Another type of common tubing is Chrome-Moly also known as Chromium / Molybdenum Steel. This type of steel also uses the same process but has these additional elements within the steel alloy which increase strength even more. Chrome-Moly is usually used in tubing for cars and other applications over 3500 lbs.

Motorcycle Frames and ERW Steel Tubing...

Motorcycle frames are made with both ERW tubing and DOM tubing. For small engines with not a tremendous amount of horse power a 1" x 1/8" mild steel ERW tube should be fine. Modern engines with a lot more horsepower as well as stretched frames require at least 1 1/4" x 1/8" wall thickness at a minimum. Bigger choppers even use 1 3/8" x 1/8" walls. More on the overkill side done for design or aesthetics is 1 1/2" tube with 1/8" wall. All applications under 3500 lbs pretty much can get away with using ERW. Roll cages and dune buggies, car frames are almost always made with DOM tubing.

All three, Chrome-Moly, DOM and ERW tubing weigh about the same but it is important to note that Chrome-Moly is the strongest, followed by DOM and finally ERW being the weakest of the three. You can take advantage of this by replacing a larger diameter tube with a smaller diameter tube of stronger material. For example, you can replace a 1 1/2" ERW tube with a 1 1/8" DOM or Chrome-Moly tube.

The advantage here is that you can reduce your frame weight by making such a change. It is very critical to confirm that it is ok to make this kind of change on your frame. Each frame has a different geometry and different loads that will bend and twist the steel in various ways. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) conducted by a qualified engineer can provide you with correct tube diameters and wall thickness that can be replaced for your specific frame design.

ERW has the weld seam on the inside of the tube (see image above). DOM, although made the same way has the additional process of being drawing and the mandrel removes this seam and provides a nice smooth surface on the inside of the tube.

The image and diagram is courtesy of the fabricator.

A complex machine is a machine that is made up of two or more simple machines.

Examples:

Pencil sharpener,

Washing machine,

Wheelbarrow

The highest pressure boiler that I ever saw as a marine Chief Engineer was 2400 psi or 80 atmospheres. The US Navy operated 1200 psi boilers for many years. High pressure steam generators in Nuclear plants are usually limited to 600 psi due to the lack of superheating. There are higher pressure boilers for specific applications but these are few and far between. Any boiler over 2400psi carries with it many safety concerns and is problematic to both build and maintain.

"Batch processing" refers to the execution of multiple commands on a computer. Batch jobs are often used to automate a process which needs to be done on many files, since they do not typically need user input once started.

The air (hot blast and possibly added oxygen) ranges from 1800 to 2200F (depending on equipment and operating conditions. The flame temperature (RAFT) is between 3400 and 4200F. The liquid pig iron is generally about 2700F.

More information is needed really as the answer depends hugely on the application.

For example, yes you could tow a friends broken down car with a steel cable of equal strength to the nylon tow rope.

....but not, you could not replace a nylon rope used to moor a boat with (untreated) steel cable as it wuold rust.

Nylon rope also has some "give" in it, allowing it to absorb some shock as tension is taken, it is also an excellent insulator. Steel has almost no give at all and is a fairly good conductor (though not brilliant when efficient conduction is required).

So it depends massively on your application - all answers from "absolutely not" to "it would be even better" can appy.

Mark

Rod is circular in shape. If u look it from where it starts, i.e. its cross sectional view it will be circular. It may or may not be hollow.

Bar's cross sectional view will be a quadrilateral.

Shivangini

Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. The primary task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat fromcooling water. The make-up water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Hot water fromheat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling.

Cooled water is needed for, for example, air conditioners, manufacturing processes or power generation. A cooling tower is an equipment usedto reduce the temperature of a water stream by extracting heat from water and emitting it tothe atmosphere. Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere. As a result, the remainder of the water is cooled down significantly (Figure 1). Cooling towers are able to lower the water temperatures more than devices that use only air to reject heat, like the radiator in a car, and are therefore more cost-effective and energy efficient.

cancer, death, deformed newborns. so many toxins go into that water, the poor villagers that live along the river in remote areas are dropping like flies. kids left without parents, some elders outliving their children. even deformation of people alive and living there. there's a special they did on the "local" channel that i watched a long time ago where they interviewed this one guy who lived in a village. if i find it i will post it for u.

Pneumatic and hydraulic controls are extensively used in production plants for natural gas. Safety is the reason.

However in earlier times (my only experience) they were subject to zero-point drift.

This may have changed with the application of binary logic to these control systems. Other disadvantages are limited speed, and the lack of industrial support for this branch of logic computation.

In order to keep the site free from electricity, the prime mover motors were steam powered from locally generated steam.