Microprocessors

In microprocessors, from 8086 there is 20bit address bus. This address bus is so organised that reading a word(16bit string from 8086 to 80286 and 32bit string from 80386 to PIV) starting at even address is different from reading a word starting from odd address.

suppose a word starts at 20000h address so it will placed in 20000h and 20001h respectively,then, this word is read by the microprocessor in 1 clock cycle i.e. the byte at 20000h and byte at 20001h are simultaneously read. Hence the word is read in 1 clock cycle.

but had a word started at 20001h-- 1 byte in 20001h and the other byte in 20002h

then the microprocessor is unable to read the word in 1 clock cycle. It takes 1 clock cycle to read the word from 20001h and another clock cycle to read the word from 20002h. Hence a word stored a odd location slows down the process of reading it.

this entire process is referred as Even banking and Odd banking.

it is a programmable logic device which has a inbuilt memory, clock etc and is required to perform a specific task.

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That would be Intel and AMD. If your a biz person, usally Intel is the way to go. Big in gaming, AMD all the way.

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Conduct electricity, of course. They connect signals from point to point in the circuit like in all electronics.

STG

There are two type of microprocesser that aerspace designer will find usefull

1, the single chip MOS Processor

2, the bit-slice bipolar processor

the first microcomputer is the altair 8080....but the first commercially available microcomputer is the apple II produce by the Intel Corp......=)

Which building holds more people, the Empire State Building or a skyscraper?

The ATmega8535 is a kind of 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller.

People building Arduino boards prefer the Atmega168, which is very similar to the ATmega8535 but has more RAM and program space (but, alas, fewer I/O pins).

If you really want to see controversy, try asking: which is better, AVR or PIC?

Based on the Crystal used in the circuit, and the divisor selection, the processor clock frequency is obtained the tick time is the min clock cycles required to do a nop operation

There are most popular two brands on Microprocessor. one is Intel and second is AMD. in Intel now a days Intel Pentium processors (Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7) are used. where in AMD theres Phenom and Athlon series used.

Silicon, dopants. Plastic case, tin/lead leads.

Sure. Example for IBM System/360:

STM R14,R12,12(R13)

L R15,0(R1) ; param#1

A R15,4(R1) ; param#2

L R14,12(R13)

LM R0,R12,20(R13)

BR R14; return to the caller, return value in R15

It depends on the specific instruction set for the processor you are programming. Most processors will support the basic logical instructions, but you would have to view the documentation for a particular processor to know for sure.

The 89S52 has four different ports. Each one of the ports has eight input/output lines. The ports are used to output data.

You'll need to acquire a programmer board and the application software.

The programmer boards typically plug into your PC and you can write an application using the application software, then you can load the application into the microcontroller using the programmer board.

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you cannot directly interface a relay to a microcontroller, you need a buffer circuit in between the two, you can use a NPN transistor BC 547, connect the controller pin directly to the base of the transistor (since there is an internal 10k pull up resistor inside the controller no need of any base resistor). Connect the transistors emitter to the gnd & the collector to the relay coil, the another end of the relay coil goes to the supply, check this link for complete information http://www.dnatechindia.com/index.php/Tutorials/8051-Tutorial/Relay-Interfacing.html

If we divide functions among several processors, then if one processor fails then it will not affect the system or we can say it will not halt the system, but it will affect on the work speed.

Suppose I have five processors and one of them fails due to some reasons then each of the remaining four processors will share the work of failed processor. So it means that system will not fail but definitely failed processor will affect on its speed.

Another significant disadvantage of a multiprocessor system over one using a single single-core processor is a considerably more complex hardware and software design, as algorithms and tasks need distributing among the cores and processors to maximize the benefit of parallel processing, while an effort to synchronize access to shared resources such as main memory and most I/O devices is required.

It depends on what kind of processor you are talking about. If you are talking about a CPU, the main processor in a computer, the reason for multiple cores and not a single very processor is a fairly simple answer. Imagine you have a toll booth (the CPU), with a number of lanes (cores in the CPU). In real life the technology only exists to build a toll booth of a certain size. So what happens? You build more lanes and add more toll booths.

That is basically the reason for building multiple cores.

Konrad Zuse - German - developed and built the first binary digital computer in the world, the Z1 in 1938 and in 1941 built the Z3 which was first fully functional program-controlled electromechanical digital computer in the world. Both of these machines were destroyed during WWII.

AMD

The NOP instruction is short for no-operation. It is an executable instruction that does nothing to the processor, its registers, or its flags. It is useful in timing loops, or to provide room for patchabilty of a piece of code.

Macro is a segment of code that needs to be written only once but whose basic structure can be repeated with each reference