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Operating Systems
Operating systems, both proprietary and open-source, include those produced by Microsoft, Linux, and Apple Mac
4,423 Questions
Is Operating System part of main memory or hard disk?
The OS is installed on the HD, just like any other program. The bootstrap process loads the OS from HD to main memory, where it is executed.
What is the difference between bootstrap and operating system?
Bootstrap is a process to initialise any hardware components in a device. In the case of a computer it initialises all the hardwares so that it can talk to each other and function together. While OS is used for those components to understand commands and requests made by us. so OS is kind of interpreter or a link between us and the device while BS is an internal program to initialise the components.
Bootstrap is the process where a computer, after doing whatever self initialization and testing it needs (called POST for Power On Self Test for a personal computer), somehow establishes which device it is to use. Bootstrap is also called an IPL (Initial Program Load). The device is initialized and started with a command to read an initial bootstrap program from a predetermined location as the beginning of the device:
- For a hard drive, diskette or optical media, sd card or usb flash drive it would be the first sector/track of the formatted device. On a Personal Computer hard drive, it is called the MBR (Master Boot Record)
- For a tape device, it would rewind the device and read the first block of the media.
- For a tcpip network, a computer would send out a request for an IP address and bootstrapping information. if it receives the desired response from a DHCP or BOOTP server, it will request and download a bootstrap file.
After loading (or downloading) the initial bootstrap file into memory, control is transferred to it. Its main job is download a larger amount of program code from a known or determined location, which will get more program code until the operating system is fully installed and started.
- On modern computers, determining the bootstrap device is set in the BIOS as a list of preferred devices to check in sequence.
- On some older computers, this was done by setting control panel switches to the device desired.
- On less sophisticated computers, a short program of between five and twenty actual machine instructions are toggled in to specific addresses. Starting the computer at the beginning of this program results in the IPL process being performed.
Your question does not make sense.
But anyway, virtual memory is basically using harddrive space as fake memory larger than ram. Linux have option to place it on separate partition for efficiency. If you let it use a file, double management of file and virtual memory must be managed.
Classification of advance operating system?
Advanced operating system can be divided into two systems which are namely, Architecture driven systems and Application driven Systems. Architecture driven system include Network OS Distributed OS Multiprocessor OS and Application driven systems include Database OS Real time OS Multimedia OS. In simpler terms an OS here is a collection of software and associated protocol that performs specific task.
What systems have you developed and implemented to improve operating efficiency in your department?
yes
A directory is commonly called a "folder" - it is a file that has a list that redirects the computer to the actual location of the files that are in that list. It's used more of as a organizational tool.
What are the operating systems has developed by Google?
Google has released two operating systems to date.
ChromeOS, a webtop based on Google's Chrome browser and web services announced in 2009. Google filed a patent for this operating system in 2009 entitled "Network based Operating System across Devices" listing Jeff Nelson as the original inventor.
Google Android is a Linux derivative operating system targetted at smartphones and tablets. The first Android smartphones became available late in 2008, but today account for approximately 80% of smartphone shipments worldwide.
Why is 64-bit architecture an advantage in Windows Server 2008?
· Physical memory
A 32-bit system architecture can directly address only a 4-GB address space. A 64-bit system architecture that is running a 64-bit edition of Windows Server can support up to 1,024 GB of both physical and addressable memory.
· Virtual memory
The 64-bit editions of Windows Server can address 16 terabytes of virtual memory by using a flat addressing model. Virtual memory is divided equally between virtual address space for applications and the operating system. Even 32-bit applications can benefit from increased virtual memory address space when they are running in a 64-bit environment. For example, although a 32-bit application is still restricted to 4 GB of virtual memory, it no longer has to share that memory space with the operating system. As a result, it receives an effective increase in available virtual memory.
· Continuous memory
Poor performance in 32-bit systems is often not the result of a lack of available memory, but the unavailability of large enough blocks of continuous memory. In a typical Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 deployment, Windows, Internet Information Services (IIS), common language runtime (CLR), ASP.NET, SharePoint Products and Technologies, SSPs, and MDACs can all claim a portion of a server's available virtual memory and can leave a 32-bit address space quite fragmented. When the CLR or SharePoint services request new memory blocks, it can be difficult to find a 64-MB segment in the crowded 32-bit address space. A 64-bit system offers practically unlimited address space for user mode processes.
· Better parallel processingA server that is using 32-bit architecture is limited to 32 CPUs. Improvements in parallel processing and bus architectures enable 64-bit environments to support as many as 64 processors and provide almost linear scalability with each additional processor.· Faster bus architectureA 64-bit architecture provides more and wider general-purpose registers, which contribute to greater overall application speed. When there are more registers, there is less need to write persistent data to memory and then have to read it back just a few instructions later. Function calls are also faster in a 64-bit environment because as many as four arguments at a time can be passed in registers to a function.· More secureThe 64-bit editions of Windows Server offer the following enhanced security features· Buffer overflow protection
A buffer overflow occurs when a data buffer is congested with more data than it is designed to handle. In 64-bit editions of Windows Server, the first parameters of a procedure call are passed in registers. As a result, it is less likely that the buffer will overflow, because the correct values have to be set up in registers and the variables and addresses have to be aligned on the stack.
· Data execution protection
The 64-bit processors made by AMD and Intel include hardware support for data execution prevention (DEP). Windows Server uses DEP to prevent malicious code from being able to execute, even when a buffer overrun occurs. Even without a processor that supports DEP, Windows Server can detect code that is running in memory locations where it should not be.
· Patch Guard
Microsoft Patch Guard technology prevents non-Microsoft programs from patching the Windows kernel. This technology prevents kernel mode drivers from extending or replacing kernel services, including system service dispatch tables, the interrupt descriptor table (IDT), and the global descriptor table (GDT). Third-party software is also prevented from allocating kernel stacks or patching any part of the kernel.
· Better scalabilityIn a 64-bit environment, not only can database servers gain nearly unlimited virtual memory address space, but they also gain support for more physical memory. It is possible for a 64-bit server that is running 64-bit editions of Windows Server and SQL Server to get very large working data sets entirely into RAM, thereby improving performance and scalability. In addition, the number of application servers that are required to support a given user base can be substantially reduced because a 64-bit environment does not require worker processes to cycle as often. This reduced cycling results in fewer lost connections, improved I/O handling, and a better user experience.· Lower total cost of ownershipAll the benefits of 64-bit operation that are listed in the previous sections enable you to do more with less. A 64-bit environment allows you to manage more data, serve more users, and run more applications while using less hardware. By reducing hardware, you are also able to reduce license, operations, and infrastructure costs. It takes up less floor space in your data center and costs less to maintain. Finally, because a Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 farm that uses 64-bit hardware and software provides more room for growth, you can spend less over time on equipment because the life cycle of your equipment is likely to be longer.Which kind of computer operating system do most students use at home and at school?
The most common Operating Systems for home and school are Mac OS and Windows 7/8.1/10. However recently Chrome Books with Chrome OS have been on the rise with many school districts.
What are the three different network operating systems?
Appleshare,Microsoft Windows server and Novell netware
a kernel sentence is the simplest sentence in English language
State examples of distributed operating systems?
# The Systems Engineering group at NI has developed a set of data logging and monitoring example LabVIEW code for test cells and similar uses. The example application is configuration-driven (point/click, drag/drop), and suitable for use with DAQmx, Fieldpoint, and custom (VI-based) I/O servers. It illustrates a method for building LabVIEW DSC-based client/server systems as well as various styles of client displays. 2. OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) Online reservation systems in traveling agencies are an example of OLDP. In these kind of systems there is a central system and there are many other machines that are connected to the central system from different geographical locations. # An example of distributed computing is http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/BOINC, a framework in which large problems can be divided into many small problems which are distributed to many computers. Later, the small results are reassembled into a larger solution. # Other examples of Distributed system are projects, that include the http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Stanford_University http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Chemistry Department http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Folding%40home project, which is focused on simulations of http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Protein_folding to find disease cures and to understand biophysical systems; http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/World_Community_Grid, an effort to create the world's largest public computing grid to tackle scientific research projects that benefit humanity, run and funded by http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/IBM; http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/SETI%40home, which is focused on analyzing radio-telescope data to find evidence of intelligent signals from space, hosted by the http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Space_Sciences_Laboratory at the http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley; and http://wiki.answers.com/wiki/Distributed.net, which is focused on breaking various cryptographic ciphers. 5. Groupware applications like Lotus Note In the above systems there are usually clients and servers and there is network in between. On the server side there may be databases and database management systems and on the client side there may be any number of clients with different applications. Client applications may be thick or thin. Thin client programs have very little business logic in them like an applet or an HTML browser but thick client programs have a lot of business logic and computations in them like banking or simulation applications. 1. The Internet - Heterogeneous network of computers and applications - Implemented through the Internet Protocol Stack 2. Distributed Multimedia-Systems - Often use Internet infrastructure - Characteristics iHeterogeneous data sources and sinks that need to be synchronized in real time * Video * Audio * Text iOften: Distribution services * Multicast - Examples iTeleteaching tools (mbone-based, etc.) iVideo-conferencing iVideo and audio on demand Intranets - Locally administered network - Usually proprietary (e.g., the University campus network) - Interfaces with the Internet iFirewalls - Provides services internally and externally Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing Systems - Cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM, UMTS) iResources being shared * Radio frequencies * Transmission times on one frequency (UMTS: multiplexing) * The mobile on the move - Laptop computers iWireless LANs (faculty campus WLAN, "MoPo") - Handheld devices, PDAs etc. - Wearable devices Embedded systems - The networked coffee mug - Avionics control systems iFlight management systems in aircraft - Automotive control systems iMercedes S-Klasse automobiles these days are equipped with 50+ autonomous embedded processors iConnected through proprietary bus-like LANs - Consumer Electronics iAudio HiFi equipment
What operating systems were not created in the US?
Several.
* ReactOS, a project to create a free reimplementation of Windows, is based in Germany.
* KolibriOS and MenuetOS are primarily worked on by Russians. * The Linux kernel was created by Linus Torvalds, from Finland, and many distributions are also created in several countries, including Romania (NimbleX), France (AbulÉdu), Latvia and Lithuania (Baltix), Brazil (Dreamlinux), Spain (gnuLinEx), Germany (LiMux), Norway (Skolelinux), Argentina (Tuquito), and South Africa (Ubuntu).
windows server
Is SELinux preinstalled in Arch Linux?
No. Its support status in Arch Linux is currently unofficial with the official Arch kernel. However, if you want SELinux, there is a hardened version of the kernel you can install, along with a few rebuilds of core packages with SELinux support from the AUR. The information on what packages need to be rebuilt can be looked up in the SELinux article in the ArchWiki.
What is the Translation Lookaside Buffer - TLB?
In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup. TLB contains those page-table entries that have been most recently used. Normally, each virtual memory reference causes 2 physical memory accesses- one to fetch appropriate page-table entry, and one to fetch the desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is reduced to just one physical memory access in cases of TLB-hit.
Operating system for the hearing impaired?
Unlike operating systems for the blind, there is little need for extensive support for the hearing impaired. Most operating systems and applications already provide visual notification and feedback for events in addition to auditory notification.
What is the difference between a foreground and a background task?
Foreground task is a process which happens on screen and background task is a process which is run offscreen.
Ex: If you are clicking on a link and a page is opened ie foreground output bt to show that page to the end-user, there is a process in the programming language which is created off-screen by the developer of the program or website.
What operating system is used by the Samsung D900?
The Samsung D900 mobile phone uses Samsung's own proprietary operating system. It is a fairly basic phone but is rated as a good all-rounder by customers.
How do you reinstall an operating system when the computer says no operating system found?
You take your OS installer disc(s) and boot your computer from it. (On a Mac, you hit the power button then hold down the "c" key while your computer starts. It will take a while. Do not let the "c" key go until you get a window with instructions on it.) The disc should give you a few options. One should be something like "install operating system." Just follow the instructions. While you're there, run any disc utility that you may have to detect any damage to your computer.
What are the major activities of an operating system in regard to process management?
The term "operating system", as it suggest is used by some computers to manages its hardware and software, which provide a stable and consistent way for application to deal with its hardware without knowning the details. They are categorised as real-time, single user, multi-user and processing. They are activities which must be perform by such system and execute the task of creating and deleting user system processes and is a mechanism for process, communication deadlock handling and synchronizing.
handheld devices: Virtual memory, you may use batch programming here also.
real time systems: time sharing
