Particle Physics

deuterium

An electron at high energy entering into a scattering event will bring all that energy with it. All that energy will have to be "dealt with" in the outcome. One way that a big chunk of it can be "handled" is almost magical. A large portion of the energy can be transformed into an electron-positron pair. This event is called pair production. We usually see it when a high energy gamma ray causes it, but it can be one of the outcomes in an energetic electron collision. The production of this pair of particles is the direct result of the conversion of energy into matter, and it will carry off a lot of the energy in the event. The minimum energy need to create the pair is 1.022 MeV. The original electron is still "in one piece" after the event, so it may look like the single electron crashed into a target and two electrons and a positron came away. It was actually the original electron and that electron-positron pair. If the original electron ionized another electron (or more) in the target material (which is possible), they will come away as well. Certainly there are a number of possible outcomes in an energetic electron scattering event, but pair production is one of the possible outcomes, depending on the energies involved and the target material.

His reactor is based off of extreme voltage fusion. you take extremely high amounts of energy and concentrate it on one tiny area of matter. slowly you convert matter to energy and power is generated. in iron man's case he used palladium (I don't really know what palladium has to do with this).

Yes and they are a penetrating form of radiation.

because they are contained inside the subsection of the atom (nucleus.)

Zinc common isotope is 65 atomic mass element number 30. So it has 30 protons, 30 electrons and 35 neutrons

This depends on multiple conventions, but in a right-handed coordinate system the usual convention is to say spin down for clockwise spin.

Also note that an electron is not really spinning! It is a point-like particle after all!

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Manganese's atomic number is 25. Thus it has 25 electrons. Filling in the first 25 orbitals gives the electron configuration of s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5.

In our Universe, various quantities come in "chunks" called "quanta." Amongst these are electricity, which cannot come in any amount smaller than one elementary charge.

For (relatively) large things, we can have two objects separated by distances (in micrometers) of 1.000 or 2.000 or 1.500 or 1.379. However, as objects get smaller and smaller, we find that, in our Universe, the quantitization of quantities becomes more and more important.

One such quantized quantity is energy state. Basically, when an electron is within the electric field of a proton, our Universe REQUIRES that the electron be in a specific orbital (try not to confuse that word with "orbits," which implies that the electron is circling around the proton) outside the proton.

The lowest possible orbital that our Universe will permit an electron to be around a proton is the 's' orbital, in which the electron is MOST LIKELY to be about one angstrom from the proton, with no preference for direction. In other words, this orbital resembles (note the word!) a shell. Our Universe will not permit an electron to be in any lower energy state; ie, it can NOT get any closer to a proton.

Don't like this fact about our Universe? Unfortunately, this is the one we'll have to learn about -- we don't have any other Universes to choose from.

8: that's the meaning of "octet".

The process is called "sorting". There are numerous methods to sort particles.

For example the physical size can be used to sort particles by passing particles through some sort of sieve or series of sieves. The larger ones will be trapped and smaller ones will pass through. The bank of sieves is usually vibrated to assist passage of the particles.

Another method uses the difference in volume/area ratio between large and small particles. A simple way is to let particles fall through a rising flow of gas. The smaller particles will experience a low weight force but a high drag force so they will rise in the gas flow, while the larger particles experience a much higher weight force and only slightly larger drag force so will sink in the gas flow. Varying the gas flow rate will select the particle size separation or sort.

A variation on the volume/area ratio method is to use an air flow acting against a "centrifugal" force. (there is no such thing as centrifugal force, but the tangential momentum applied to a spinning wheel is sometimes called "centrifugal force"). In these sorters a disc with radial channels spins. Air is blown towards the centre of the disc and the particles are introduced at the axle where they are tangentially forced towards the outside. Light particles will be blown back and heavy particles will be thrown outwards.

There are other methods to sort particles.

No; the mass of proton is similar to the mass of neutrons.

The "s" orbital is circular; the "p" orbital is shaped like a dumbell. The "d" orbitals are like a double dumbell, though the dz2 sub orbital is like a dumbell with an annulus around it. Finally, the f orbital are much more complex. They are like a quadruple dumbell with the lobes pointing towards the 8 corners of a cube.

4 valence electrons are present in methane

The electrons placed near the nucleus.

Electrons can produce light when they are "excited," and jump outside their ground state, then hop back, releasing a photon of light.

Answer given by Ptorquemada, I couldn't do better, so credits to him.

Copy/pasted:

You're probably not going to like this answer much:

The same way it moves in any other orbital.

You're most likely being confused by the depiction of a p orbital as a "figure 8" shape and the common (mis)conception that orbitals are like orbits. In actuality, the behavior of electrons is very different from that of ordinary objects large enough for us to observe directly.

The truth is that the electron in a p (or any other) orbital has a certain probability, described by the wavefunction, of being found at any particular location. In a p orbital, there is a nodal plane, where the electron has zero probability of being found ever; on both sides of the nodal plane, there is a nonzero probability of finding the electron.

So how does it get from one side to the other if it can't go through the plane in between?

Welcome to Quantum Mechanics, where you're not allowed to ask questions like that. (Actually, it's because you're thinking of an electron as a particle, but here is where its wave character comes out; it's on both sides at the same time, and only when you attempt to detect it does the wavefunction collapse and give it a definite location, which has to be on one side or the other.)

This is a chemical element. You can find the how many electron in a single atom by using a periodic table.

Low energy beta particles, say, from tritium, are called soft beta particles.

Radon has 86 electrons and protons; the number of neutrons is specific for each isotope.

Number of neutrons in a radon isotope = Mass number - 86

The most advanced ones accelerate particles 99.9999% the speed of light. Although some people have claimed that they create black holes, they most certainly do not- this would require ten trillion times the energy available.

they used tiny pieces of glass that reflects light and make the images bigger and clearer