Quantum Mechanics

The "easiest" way to do so is to cool a substance until it becomes a super-conductor. When that happens, you have Cooper Pairs, which are electrons with quantum entanglement.

Quantum cosmology is a field attempting to study the effect of quantum mechanics on the formation of the universe, especially just after the Big Bang. Despite many attempts, such as the Wheeler-deWitt equation this area of interest has yet to be fruitful.

Quantum cosmology is a branch of quantum gravity.

The Higgs boson first arose after a process called electroweak-symmetry breaking, which is a bit technical to explain in detail.

Basically, the current theories for particle physics state that at a certain energy level (higher than we can reach at the moment) the electromagnetic force merges with the weak nuclear force. Below this energy level (or temperature) the two forces are distinct. You can view this as a phase transition, and the Higgs boson is a by product of it.

This phase transition should have taken place mere seconds after the big bang, so if they exist (they haven't been experimentally verified), they have been present since almost the very start of the Universe.

No, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not detected the theorized Higgs boson. The LHC was shut down because of some technical difficulties, and it's finally up and running. We're still waiting for results. Fermilab was working on finding the Higgs, but lacks the power to deliver the kinds of acceleration required to set up conditions under which this predicted particle might appear. Links are provided below, and are updated fastidiously.

In relation to quantum mechanics, the wave function is (at a minimum) a useful mathematical approach to determine the probabilities that certain objects have specific values for observable quantities, given specific initial conditions. For example, for one electron in the lowest energy state of the E-field of a proton, we can determine the probability that the distance between it and the proton is between .5 A and .6 A . Using the wave function has been shown to be extraordinarily useful in making these calculations.

The question that arises, however, is whether the wave function is something MORE than a mathematical trick that we use to get the right answer. It's been over 75 years since the wave function was first proposed by Erwin Schroendinger, and we're still not sure we know the answer.

Quantum entanglement was an observation in the 1930s, it's established as much of a fact as can be in physics since then. The current status is determining whether information transfer is instantaneous or has lag time.

Two questions about your question:

1) What do you mean by "advanced"?

2) What is your starting point, from which you want to know how far QM had advanced?

QM began in 1900, with Max Planck's observation that the spectrum of black body radiation could be explained with the mathematical assumption that light energy was quantized -- ie, that the energy in light at a specific frequency had a minimal amount. It made a major advance when, five years later, Einstein showed that this same assumption would explain the photo-electric effect. QM has advanced a GREAT DEAL since then, as you could imagine.

The most significant advance over the last few decades has been a theoretical framework called "The Standard Model," which blends QM with special relativity, and makes predictions that agree with experiment to TEN significant digits. Because of this agreement between theory and experiment, the Standard Model has been called the most accurate scientific theory ever.

The biggest event in QM over the last few decade or so has been observational evidence that pretty much refutes Local Hidden Variables.

If I could do that, I'd be practicing my speech for accepting the Nobel Prize in Physics. The task is called "Grand Unification," and it's stymied the greatest physicists for several decades now.

Electron is a member of the fermions group.

String theory, including those that satisfy super-symmetry (ie, super-string theories), takes as axiomatic that all particles -- electrons, gravitons, anti-quarks, etc -- are best represented mathematically as one string vibrating in several dimensions.

In other words, one electron means one string.

In a Basketball game, two teams of five players play a two-quarter game in which each team attempts to score baskets by placing a ball through a hoop. In the U.S., the National Basketball League, or NBA, is the professional league for basketball players.

Max Ernst was born on April 2, 1891, in Bruhl, near Cologne, Germany,

the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family.

paradigm

The two most prominent particle colliders that are looking for the Higgs boson are the Tevatron at FermiLab (although that one is going to close soon) and the LHC at CERN.

Because the initial work on "Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation" (ASER) had been done on microwaves and such a device was thus named the MASER, the earliest work on what is now called the LASER referred to them as the "optical MASER".

On May 16, 1960, Theodore H. Maiman operated the very first functioning LASER at Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California. Maiman's LASER used a solid-state flashlamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red light, at 694 nanometers wavelength; however, the device was only capable of pulsed operation, because of its three-level pumping design scheme. Later that year, Ali Javan, and William R. Bennett, and Donald Herriott, constructed the first gas LASER, using helium and neon that was capable of continuous operation in the infrared (U.S. Patent 3,149,290 Bell Labs).

i thank through my research that a higgs field would seemingly allow alterations to get a net 0 mass but since time would also be locally effected you would need to travel at a speed to counteract the resulting "speed increase" of time thus allowing FTL travel without any net time dilation... the only problem is that you would need to manipulate materials on the quantum level in real time to avoid any crew from ageing before you get into orbit... :P please correct me if i'm wrong anywhere

i need a second opinion :)

First, let's define terms.

Realism, in the physics sense, means that an object has certain values even if nobody has bothered to measure those values. Thus, an electron has a location even if it has not yet been measured. The act of measurement, which collapses the wave function, forces the electron to "reveal" its location.

Localism, means that one event can not influence another event that is separated from the former by the speed of light times the time of the two events. In other words, the information that "Event A has occurred" can not travel faster than the speed of light.

Both of these concepts make sense if we agree with relativity. Unfortunately for our common sense, experimental evidence is rapidly mounting that one or the other must be false. We are finding that, in our universe, the results of one measurement "communicates" the measured value to another spot faster than light. Either localism is not valid or the two events are entangled to the point where their possible values are in a superposition until a measurement is made.

Search for "EPR Paradox" to find more on this topic.

Yes, they do. They have a spin of 1. Please see Why_the_photon_have_one_spinfor more information.

There are quantum computers all across the world (Mainly in the u.s. and u.k.) But they are located at major collages such as M.I.T.

Planck's Constant signifies the Photon Charge, and the Aether of "free space'.

Photon energy is E=hf =hc/r = Q2zc/r and Q is the photon charge in Coulombs..

Planck's Constant is also related to the free space impedance z=375 Ohms.

h=QWb = Q2z gives z=Wb/Q. Wb is the Quantum magnetic "charge" in volt seconds or Webers.

Q=4/3 E-18 Coulomb and Wb= 500 E-18 Webers and h= QWb = 2/3 E-33.

Maxwell believed that electromagnetic waves required a "medium" to propagate the waves. The free space impedance z, is evidence of this medium.

The photon charge is Q=(13U,1d) in Quarks, 13x2/3 + 1x-1/3 = 25/3 electrons..

The photon charge is related directly to the fine Structure Constant,

alpha = 1/2( e/Q)2= 1/2 (.16/4/3)2 = 1/2 (.48/4)2= 1/2(.12)2= 1/2 (.0144)=7.2E-3.

I believe that the electron is an effective charge a rms charge e/21/2 = e/1.414= .707e.

Planck's Constant times c, hc is the Energy Moment of the "charge" world as mGM is the Energy moment of the "mass" world. The speed of light limits both worlds., mass v =c and v=Z alpha c at the Boundary of both worlds, v=c, and 1= Z alpha.

"Magnetic quantum number" is a quantum number that corresponds to individual electrons, not to an entire atom.

Is an axiom of Quantum Mechanics. The implications are extremely subtle and mathematical, so I recommend reading the quantum books by Shankar or Griffiths. Both should be available at any technical or university library.

Quantum Mechanics is valid for nearly everything (So far) it's just that the effects of it are only seen in microscopic scales like individual particles.

An individual point particle in the standard model is described in string theory as a mode of vibration of a string. If for some reason the mode of vibration of the string changed, the particle would change to a different one.

The placement of a barrier a few microns above the event horizon of a wormhole prevents the creation of an unstable vortex, or 'swoosh' effect. The vortex itself isn't necessary for the wormhole to be created; the Nox and future Cassandra in '1969' are shown to be able to activate the stargate without the 'swoosh'. It's not just the iris either: a wormhole formed when the gate was buried in '100 days', because a hard naquadah crust was formed over the gate, whilst not inside it, allowing a wormhole to connect but the MALP to be crushed. (Like the iris does to a few unlucky Jaffa every now and then). Atlantis' shield is another example of a barrier that allows the gate to operate but no vortex to form.