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Reformation History
The history of The Reformation started when Western European Catholics opposed what they believed to be false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice within the Catholic Church. The movement’s famous leaders include Martin Luther and John Calvin.
1,691 Questions
Which iof the following effects of the reformation is most obvious in the US government?
The Constitution guarantees that the government will not favor one religion over another.
The Bible was translated into national tongues, so that people could actually understand what the Masses were on about. Before the reformation the Bible and masses were solely in latin. It brought the Bible to the people.
The reformation helped education, it also helped to axe inherent abuses which existed within the current church and erased an amount of the mysticism which existed.. it also lead to an onus on sermons which taught people what the different parts of the bible were about.
There are many more effects, but there are the main ones that i can think of
What were the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation?
The Reformation had enduring effects. Protestant churches flourished, despite religious wars and persecutions. Because of the Reformation, religion no longer united Europe. As the Church's power declined, individual monarchs and states gained power. This paved the way for modern nation-states. In addition, the reformers' successful revolt against Church authority laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief that occurred in Western culture in later centuries. Therefore, through its political and social effects, the Reformation helped to set the stage for the modern world.
What does charles V have to do with the Protestant Reformation?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V is known for his opposition to the Protestant Reformation. His non-violent measures saved Spain from much for the religious conflict going on at this time.
Why did Henry VIII become head of the English Church?
Henry VIII was the son of Henry VII; the first King to break the long reigning line of thePlantagenet's and the last king to be part of the War of the Roses: a series of struggles in which 7 of the English Kings, from Richard II to Henry VIII, fought for the crown. The term Wars of the Roses was coined from the red and white roses that each signified the two houses of Lancaster and York, from whom the ^ kings prior to Henry VII came. Henry VII was well known and received, b/c he was technically one of the first kings to claim the throne through merit and not through noble birth~ the legend and story reads that he literally picked the crown up off the battlefield and put it on his head. Henry the VII was a frugal and stern leader, and determined to restore peace to the nation. While his claim to the throne itself was somewhat shaky, he stabilized it somewhat by marrying Elizabeth of York, bringing some respect and nobility to the pairing. While his reign was often challenged by usurper's Henry VII had a fairly successful reign, in which he put a stop to the fighting between the Crown and the Barons; and through heavy taxation and fines for misdemeanor's he brought the nobility to heel~ "bridging the transitional period between the Middle ages and the Renaissance" (Kings and Queens of Great Britain Eric. R Trovial et al). King Henry VII had 4 children; 2 girls, 2 boys. Of his boys, The eldest was Arthur, named for the nostalgia and famed court of Camelot; a reign which Henry VII hoped his son, upon being crowned, would usher back in. Arthur was raised from his birth to be a King; groomed, educated and prepared for all the tumultuous tasks and responsibilities that awaited him~ Henry VII, aware that even his son's hold to the crown was still remain shaky at best, pre contracted his son Arthur with Catherine of Argon princess and daughter of the infamous Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain. At the time, France, England and Spain were the three superpower's England, having always been at odds with France, attempted to align themselves under the security of Spain, and this marriage with the epitome of Henry's lifework: not only did he secure his country's safety (France would not likely declare war on England, or try to claim it, while under the protective jurisdiction of Spain); but he also provided his son's reign with a secure claim to the throne, as well and a dynamic marriage that would be consider a pairing of the greats. Henry VIII was raised in a different environment than his brother, Arthur~ he was a bright, well rounded young man who craved education and had a deep interest in theology and was being prepared to enter a life of the cloth. Favored by his mother, he was not groomed to rule, an attribute that later, at least in his early years, only endeared him to the public. Arthur married his his wife, Catherine, but unfortunately died within a few months of the marriage. Unable to pay back her dowry 9or refusing to), Henry VII, still King, left Catherine of Aragon to languish in England and spent the last 6 years of his life trying to prepare Henry VIII to rule, and getting the affairs of England in order. It's debatable how Henry VIII came to marry Catherine of Aragon~ when it was initially suggested by Catherine's family, Henry the VII scoffed at the idea, so it most likely Henry VIII made the final choice. Catherine was several years his senior, but still young and beautiful by all account's and most importantly, swore she had not consummated her marriage to Arthur; a deed that would have presented dire problems to the marriage of Henry as his brother. When his father died, Henry VIII was fairly young, but he was loved and adored by his people, as was his wife. They were considered a magnificent pair; and it wasn't until after 8 miscarriages, only one successful birth Mary that Henry VIII began to start proceedings that would alleviate him of his former wife and allow him to take others. In his middle and latter years, Henry's popularity waned; and he became known as a monster, eventually marrying a total of six times. Of those 6, he beheaded 2, divorced 2,and lost one to childbirth related infections. his final wife, Catherine Parr, outlived him. Out of all those marriages, he had three living heirs; Mary, his first born daughter by Catherine of Aragon; Elizabeth, his second daughter, born by Anne Boleyn; and Edward, his one and only son; born third by his wife Jane Seymour As a male, Edward bore claim to the throne, and upon his father's death, indeed became King~ however, he was a child, only nine years old, and there for, his uncle, also named Edward, was named Protector, and ruled for him in all but name. Weak even in his youngest years, Edward was a sickly child, and a marriage was considered of the utmost importance, however, he died before one actually went through; dying of tuberculosis at the age of fifteen. From there, a squabble over the throne continued; first Lady Jane Grey took the crown, Henry VIII's great niece followed by Mary; Henry VIII's first legitimate daughter (though deemed a bastard during his life); a reign that was infamous for it's pious and cruelty, and garnered Mary the name "bloody Mary". Upon her passing, Elizabeth; Henry VIII's second daughter (also deemed a bastard during his lifetime) ascended the throne, becoming queen for the next 44 years. She never married, and to this day is considered one of England's greatest rulers. After his older brother Arthur died of a sickness, King Henry VIII stepped up, only he was still young.
ninty -five theses
How were the Renaissance and the Reformation related to each other?
A:
The Renaissance was a broad cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries. Aspects of the Renaissance that indirectly contributed to the Reformation include humanism, the invention of the movable type printing press and art.
Humanism encouraged education and, with it, self-awareness. The development of critical faculty that all this implies, meant that scholars were more willing to question rather than simply obey. The printing press meant that new ideas could spread, encouraging even more willingness to challenge old ideas. After Martin Luther's break with the Catholic Church, his religious message could spread across much of western Europe. Previous rebellions against papal authority had fizzled out, perhaps in part because they remained local and small.
Art was a minor, indirect but contributing factor in leading to the Protestant Reformation, because artworks are inherently valuable and costly. The Catholic hierarchy considered the enjoyment of life as much their right as the right of kings and nobles. This meant the accumulation of valuable art and the employment by the Church of artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. Of course, even the Vatican's vast treasury became depleted. Pope Leo X, as much as any of his predecessors enjoyed luxury, but he was also committed to the rebuilding of St Peter's Basilica, and no expense was to be spared in creating a sumptuous masterpiece. Inevitably this expenditure led to more overt simony, which included the sale of bishoprics and indulgences, the two moral issues to which Martin Luther objected. The stage was set for the Reformation.
What were Luther's three main ideas?
Martin Luther believed that Christians are saved by grace through faith in God, and that grace alone., not by the selling or buying of indulgences, not by doing good works, and certainly not through the viewing or touching of ancient relics. This belief greatly contradicted the beliefs of the Catholic Church and their practices of selling indulgences, and collecting money from the people to view relics. Although Martin Luther was the first leader to openly depart from the Roman Catholic church, he did not originally set out to start his own church. Rather, Luther was a committed church man who sought discussion and change in the church. As a monk, Luther struggled to understand his relationship to God, and felt unworthy of God's attention. His eventual conclusion was that he was not worthy of approaching God. Thus, any understanding and especially salvation was not deserved or earned in any way, but was purely a gift of grace from God. "... all that the Pope decrees and does I will receive on condition that I first test it by the Holy Scriptures." Martin Luther (1520) in Snyder, p. 41 This led him to make several critiques of the Roman Catholic church, which included: * Luther emphasized the doctrine of justification by grace through faith. This emphasis on "faith alone" was a significant shift in perspective. In particular, it undercut the selling of "indulgences," artifacts sold by the church as symbols of religious devotion. By criticizing this practice Luther challenged an important source of revenue for the church. * Pushed by the church hierarchy and backed by some of the German nobility, Luther rejected the authority of the Pope. He suggested that the Bible alone should be the guide for Christian life, and that German Christians did not need to listen (or pay taxes!) to the Pope in Italy. * Luther also disagreed with the idea that priests were needed to approach God on behalf of the people. Rather, he proposed a priesthood of all believers, saying that people could communicate with God directly. * Luther insisted that the church should use the common language of the people, and not Latin as was the practice in the Roman Catholic tradition. As a result, Luther led Mass in German and even translated the entire Bible into this European language. As you can see, Luther's conclusions had profound religious, political, and economic implications. It is hardly surprising that the Pope and the Roman Catholic church responded as they did. These issues provide important background for the beliefs and difficulties of the early Anabaptists. Luther believed that ordinary citizens did not have a right to overturn their own government, however just the cause. So Luther sided with the German princes in using force against an uprising of the peasants in 1525. Luther even wrote a tract against what he called, "The Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants." He urged using unrestrained violence in putting the peasants down. If the peasant is in open rebellion, then he is outside the law of God, for rebellion is not simply murder, but it is like a great fire which attacks and lays waste a whole land. Thus, rebellion brings with it a land full of murder and bloodshed, makes widows and orphans, and turns everything upside down. Therefore let everyone who can, smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful or devilish than a rebel. It is just as when one must kill a mad dog. If you don't strike him, he will strike you. These times are so extraordinary that a prince can win heaven more easily by bloodshed than by prayer. Luther believed that the German princes should use their power against the Jewish minority living in Germany. He urged his German allies to drive Jewish people from their homes, burn their synagogues and books, and institute total segregation in the land. Luther is quoted favorably by just about everyone in professing Christianity. Evangelicals and Fundamentalists often refer to him as a champion of "Justification By Faith ALONE." However, that is only half the story. It is absolutely amazing that very few seem to realize that Luther in fact believed that we are saved by "faith alone through baptism." However, you can't have it both ways at the same time -- "Faith Alone" and "Faith through Baptism." The addition of "through baptism" in effect contradicts "faith alone." In reality, Luther did not hold to JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH ALONE IN CHRIST ALONE! If he had really held to this, he would have rejected the doctrine of "baptismal regeneration." He did not! In fact, Luther called for the death of those (Anabaptists) who outspokenly believed in JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH ALONE IN CHRIST ALONE and practiced BELIEVER'S BAPTISM. To get away from a gospel of works salvation, Luther referred to baptism as "God's Work" and not a work that man does. However, the OBJECT of Luther's faith was not Christ ALONE, but CHRIST plus BAPTISM. That is ANOTHER GOSPEL!!! "He always [the Christian] has enough to do to believe firmly what Baptism promises and brings -- victory over death and the devil, forgiveness of sin, God's grace, the entire Christ, and the Holy Spirit with his gifts. In short the blessings of Baptism are so boundless ... Now here in Baptism there is brought free to every man's door just such a priceless medicine which swallows up death and saves the lives of all men. To appreciate and use Baptism aright, we must draw strength and comfort from it when our sins or conscience oppress us, and we must retort, "But I am baptized! And if I am baptized, I have the promise that I shall be saved and have eternal life, both in soul and body." ... No greater jewel, therefore, can adorn our body and soul than Baptism, for through it we obtain perfect holiness and salvation, which no other kind of life and no work on earth can acquire" (pp. 85-86). (Bold added.) Luther believed that through baptism one becomes a Christian. And, thus, it resulted in salvation on the basis of "faith alone." Communion was for maintenance. Luther taught that through communion, one received forgiveness of sins that threatened one's relationship with Christ and strength for Christian living: Martin Luther's major departures from Roman Catholic doctrine were based on these beliefs: · Baptism - Although Luther retained that Baptism was necessary for spiritual regeneration, no specific form was stipulated. Today Lutherans practice both infant baptism and baptism of believing adults. · Individual Access to God - Luther believed that each individual has the right to reach God through Scripture with responsibility to God alone. It is not necessary for a priest to mediate. · The Lord's Supper - Luther also retained the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, but the doctrine of transubstantiation was rejected. · Sacraments - Luther believed the sacraments were valid only as aids to faith. · Salvation by Faith - Luther maintained that salvation comes through faith alone; not by works and sacraments. · Salvation For All - Luther believed that salvation is available to all humans through the redeeming work of Christ. · Scripture - Luther believed the Scriptures contained the one necessary guide to truth. · Worship - As to the manner of worship, Luther chose to retain altars and vestments and prepare an order of liturgical service, but with the understanding that no church was bound to follow any set order. As a result, there is today no uniform liturgy belonging to all branches of the Lutheran body. However, an important place is given to preaching and congregational singing. Martin Luther believed deeply in the reality and power of Satan and his demons. From the time of the Plague, through wars, famines and civil wars, there had been no guarantee against the onset of disaster. A high level of death-consciousness was fertile soil for the Reformation, and offers insight into Luther's persistent concern about salvation. For it was the terror of death that sent him into an Augustinian monastery. Luther believed that there could be no short cuts to this and that God could not be fooled by sinners pretending that they were repentant. Luther's main complaint against the Catholic Church was that it was supporting a system that left sinners in sin - and this was the institution that was meant to save lost souls !!
What was a major result of the reformation?
There were two movements call the "Reformation". The Catholic one is called the Catholic Reform and resulted in the correction of the observation of priestly celibacy, the rooting out of corruption, not to mention dozens of saints and many new religious orders
from the Catholic Encyclopedia
The term Counter-Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The name, though long in use among Protestant historians, has only recently been introduced into Catholic handbooks. The consequence is that it already has a meaning and an application, for which a word with a different nuance should perhaps have been chosen. For in the first place the name suggests that the Catholic movement came after the Protestant; whereas in truth the reform originally began in the Catholic Church, and Luther was a Catholic Reformer before he became a Protestant. By becoming a Protestant Reformer, he did indeed hinder the progress of the Catholic reformation, but he did not stop it.
from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957
The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the Catholic movement of reform and activity which lasted for about one hundred years from the beginning of the Council of Trent (q.v., 1545), and was the belated answer to the threatening confusion and increasing attacks of the previous years. It was the work principally of the Popes St. Pius V and Gregory XIII and the Council itself in the sphere of authority, of SS. Philip Neri and Charles Borromeo in the reform of the clergy and of life, of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits in apostolic activity of St. Francis Xavier in foreign missions, and of St. Teresa in the purely contemplative life which lies behind them all. But these were not the only names nor was it a movement of a few only; the whole Church emerged from the 15th century purified and revivified. On the other hand, it was a reformation rather than a restoration; the unity of western Christendom was destroyed; the Church militant (those still on earth) led by the Company of Jesus adopted offence as the best means of defence and, though she gained as much as she lost in some sense, the Church did not recover the exercise of her former spiritual supremacy in actuality.
from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
The other use of the word "reformation" refers, incorrectly, to the protestant revolt. The outcome of that has been a disastrous splitting of Christians into many competing sects, and the denial of generations to genuine Christian teaching and the grace of the Sacraments that Our Blessed Lord established for their salvation. Five hundred years later, it has resulted in secularism and Islam taking over western civilization.What church denomination did martin Luther start?
I HAVE READ THAT HE STARTED THE REFOMATION BECAUSE PRIEST WHERE TAKING MONEY FROM PEOPLE TO HELP GET THEM TO HEAVEN .....
AnswerSome priests were indeed selling " Indulgences ". This is no longer the case . Martin Luther had issues with the Pope . He took John Wesley with him. There are now Lutherans and Weslyeans, as these two also parted ways.However, there were Catholics before Luther and we are still here. We chose to work on our problems internally rather than abandon our Church .Some people choose to " jump ship " when the going gets tough, and others just row harder.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestants Reformation?
Causes: Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which is basically this monk (Martin Luther) and what he thought of the Catholic Church, stating 95 things that he thought was wrong.
Though Martin Luther had no intention of starting his own church, in regions that were distant from the Vatican, they caught onto this whole "Yeah! The Catholics suck!" vibe that was going on, starting a whole bunch of Protestant religions (for example Lutherans, Puritans and Calvinists) in the Nordic countries and regions of Germany.
Later, Henry VIII wanted to get a divorce that the Catholic Church didn't allow, so he started his own religion, the Anglican Church. From there, many lowland Scots started their own Church of Scotland.
Effects: Though started for German political reasons, warring states in Germany (Then called the Holy Roman Empire) were fighting for control. It soon became a religious battle as Catholic nations formed alliances against Protestant ones. Then Galvus Adolphus tramped through and killed a lot of Germans. This conflict that lasted 30 years became the cleverly named: 30 years war, the most major conflict of the Pike-and-Shot era.
This is some of the earliest recorded evidence of the Scottish kilt, and is the inspiration for Alexander Dumas' "The Three Musketeers."
What time period was the protestant reformation?
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 with Martin Luther published his 95 Theses; it's inception began many decades into the 16th century. The time period of the Protestant Reformation is 1577 - Present, as it is ongoing today.
What were John Wycliffe's basic teahcings?
Wycliffe believed that the state had a responsibility to correct the Church if the Church had been corrupted. He also believed the Church should use its wealth to feed the poor and needy. Last, Wycliffe taught that the Eucharist was symbolic of the blood and body of Christ Ð this went against the Church teaching of transubstantiation.
What factors explain the success of the reformation in the sixteenth century?
The primary, and often neglected and under-mentioned, reason for the protestant revolt is sin.
What was family life like during the Reformation?
during the reformation, the father was the ruler of the family.
What is Luther view on indulgences?
Pope Leo X ordered Luther to stop stirring up trouble. This attempt to keep Luther quiet had the opposite effect. Luther now started issuing statements about other issues. For example, at that time people believed that the Pope was infallible (incapable of error). However, Luther was convinced that Leo X was wrong to sell indulgences. Therefore, Luther argued, the Pope could not possibly be infallible.
Who was pope at the time of the reformation?
Pope Julius II (1503-13), the 'Warrior Pope', was in power when Martin Luther became a Doctor of Theology in 1512. Pope Julius II firmly and diplomatically reasserted temporal strength in the papacy, and it was the selling of indulgences for his ambitious building projects that first irked Luther. But there were several Popes spanning Luther's life (1483-1546) and Reformation activities. Luther gained Reformation prominence in 1517 with his 95 Theses, and it was Leo X (1513-21), a Medici, who excommunicated Luther in 1521. But Leo X also died that year, and his cousin, Pope Clement VII (1523-34), joined with Emperor Charles V as Luther's adversary for the next decade. Pope Paul III's (1534-49) Counter-Reformation in the Council of Trent (1545) perhaps stands in greatest contrast to Luther and the Protestant Reformation, as Luther's health failed in the final 15 years of his life.
What is the name of a protest against the Roman Catholic Church?
Protests against a church organization are called different names depending on the level of disagreement. Minor protests are called disagreements or disputes. Major religious changes are usually the result of what are called "reformations." Such reformations happened at the ideals of people like Martin Luther or John Calvin.
One of the major reasons the Protestant Reformation succeeded was that?
The invention of the printing press, along with increasing literacy rates, were two significant factors that contributed to the success of the Protestant Reformation. The reformation was led in large part by Martin Luther.
What was the religion that King Henry VIII created?
The Protestant Church of England. He created it so that he could divorce his wives
Why did Martin Luther King break away from the Catholic Church?
He disagreed with the accepted reasonning of the Catholic Church of his day and felt a person was capable of interpretting the Bible themselves. Therefore he translated the Bible himself and attempted to make them available to all. The Church didn't like this idea and felt onle Priests had the power to interpret God's teachings.
What degree did Martin Luther have in?
Martin Luther received a master's degree from the University of Erfurt in 1505. He also obtained a Bachelor's degree in Biblical studies in 1508, and another focused on the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509.
What helped spread the ideas of the Protestant Reformation?
The printing press was a HUGE factor, because it allowed books and pamphlets to be produced quickly and cheaply. Also, one idea of the Reformation was to preach not in Latin but in vernacular (whatever language was most commonly known in a certain area). This meant that Protestant scripture could be printed easily, and the ideas in them were understood by a wider array of people (the Catholic church preached solely in Latin, and only priests knew Latin, so the common people relied on the priests to teach them the bible. The Protestants promoted the idea that a person's relationship to God should be personal, not through a priest, so printing Bibles in languages that everyone knew got rid of the need for a priest).
Who was the most important protestant reformer other than Luther?
Probably Wycliffe, Hus or Calvin. In terms of long term impact I would probably say Calvin
