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Reformation History
The history of The Reformation started when Western European Catholics opposed what they believed to be false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice within the Catholic Church. The movement’s famous leaders include Martin Luther and John Calvin.
1,691 Questions
Why were the German princes pleased with the treaty of westphalia after the Thirty Years' War?
Because it granted them political independence.
Did martin Luther die a catholic?
Martin Luther most certainly did not die a Catholic. However, he had gained the respect of his Catholic adversary, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who commanded his troops to not disturb Luther's burial site during their invasion.
What role did noblewoman play in the reformation?
many women played prominent roles in the reformation, especially during the early years. For example, the sister o king Francis I, Marguerite of Navarre, protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France . Other noblewomen also protected reformers.
Why were some people horrified by the church practice of selling indulgence?
If you are talking about the time and circumstances of the Protestant Reformation, the indulgences that were objected to were being sold by Pope Leo X to finance the rebuilding of St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Martin Luthor objected to the sale because he didn't believe that the Epistle of James was truly the word of God and couldn't understand the doctrine of works outlined therein. He began preaching the doctrine of salvation by sola fide, "faith alone", and called Johann Tetzel's aggressive salesmanship the "purchase of salvation" instead of the good works of already baptized believers which how the Roman Catholics saw it.
Of course, that ignores the issues of free will vs tyrannical hierarchy which underlay the entire Reformation, as well as the politics of submission to Rome.
How was Martin Luther different from Catholics of his time?
He was different from Catholics of his time, in that when he had questions about his Faith, he started his own religion, that conformed to his own personal beliefs - so, we may say he was a "trend-setter." Now, thanks to Luther, you may choose the faith that suits your needs
Why was Martin Luther critical of the Roman Catholic Church?
The short answer is abuse of wealth and power in Rome. He believed that salvation was offered by God, not the church or its emissaries. At the time, the church was selling "indulgences", pieces of paper that got you into heaven, for a price.
He never intended to split away from the church, but he would not be quieted about what he thought the church was doing wrong. He wrote "Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum", known as the 95 Theses and nailed it to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany. The idea caught on like wildfire. Thus the Protestant Reformation was born.
Outcome of the Protestant Reformation?
Henry the 8th changed and turned the Catholic Church to Protestant in order to divorce and remarry as he couldn't get a Papal dispensation.
Most of the country became Protestant, specifically members of the Church of England.
Netherlands have distinct percentages of religions, like Roman Catholic (25%), Irreligious (50%), Muslim (5%), Dutch Reformed Church (7%), Protestant Church in the Netherlands (7%) and other religions (6%).
Was the Reformation a political or religious act?
Under Henry VIII, it started out political; he declared himself the supreme head of the Church in England , but beyond declaring that the Pope had no say in the Church in England, he did not change the religion itself. Protestants continued to be persecuted during the rest of Henry's reign. It was when Henry's son, Edward, took the throne that the religious reform in England really began. It was stalled during Mary's reign and then restarted during Elizabeth's.
English monarch most responsible for defining the Protestant Reformation in England?
That would be Henry VIII. He tried to cancel his marriage to his wife so he could remarry and hopefully have a son be heir to his throne, but the clergy refused to cancel the marriage. The king then decided to create his own church, thus the Anglican sub-religion was created and many reforms were made to the Church.
Which of the three branches of Christianity broke away from the Catholic church in the 1500's?
Protestantism has its origins when Pope Leo X (1513-21) excommunicated a troublesome priest called Martin Luther. Luther's initial aim had been simply to reform the use of indulgences. There was to be no compromise and in 1521, in Wittenberg's St Mary's Church, the first Protestant communion was celebrated. There were other Protestants before Martin Luther, such as Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and John Huss, and the churches that grew from the teachings of these men. All three of these men lived before the time of Martin Luther.
How did the Reformation effect us now?
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Catholic AnswerThe Reformation is commonly called the protestant revolt by Catholic scholars. Actually, at that time, there was already a reform going on, although the particular part that was in response to the protestant revolt by the Pope and the Bishops, and many great saints of that time, was the Catholic Reform, sometimes referred to as the Counter-reformation. Because of the disaster of the protestant revolt, in many ways the Church actually became much holier, instituting much better education for the clergy (Martin Luther was a sad example of how exactly uneducated some of the priests of that time were), and enforcing stricter regulations on many things from Bishops to how the Mass was said. Also, between the printing press, and the need for education of the laity and those being dragged out of the Church by the princes at that time who were looking to free themselves from Rome, there was much excellent writing and books that are still in print to this day.from The Catholic Encyclopedia
The term Counter-Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The name, though long in use among Protestant historians, has only recently been introduced into Catholic handbooks. The consequence is that it already has a meaning and an application, for which a word with a different nuance should perhaps have been chosen. For in the first place the name suggests that the Catholic movement came after the Protestant; whereas in truth the reform originally began in the Catholic Church, and Luther was a Catholic Reformer before he became a Protestant. By becoming a Protestant Reformer, he did indeed hinder the progress of the Catholic reformation, but he did not stop it.
from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
Which does not describe a cause of the Reformation?
the refusal of the church to end its wars against Muslims in the Holy Land
How did the Reformation lay groundwork for democracy in the Renaissance?
The renaissance brought in more philosophy, logic/reasoning, and science.
The philosophers of the Reformation told people to stand up for what they think is right and to stand up for what you believe in. These novel ideas were able to be widely communicated because of the recent development of printing, making written works much more available, first to the academic class; scholars
in the universities, and later to the merchant classes in the towns. Concepts of "individual"
of self and individual rights emerged, which found expression in religious and political movements such as the followers of John Calvin and other Protestant sects in England, their Pilgrim cousins in North America, leading to such later political philosophers as Milton and John Locke and their adherents among the American and French revolutionary movements in the Eighteenth Century.
Why did Martin Luther oppose the Roman Catholic church?
You want all 95 of them? In general, Martin Luther was against the supposition that the Pope could absolve sin by means other than granting abolution, such as by the sale of indulgences. The church was spending most of its time collecting monies in the name of the forgiveness of sins through the sale of indulgences and praying for the dead, that they were not ministering to the needs of the living and unforgiven.
What happened to the Catholic church during Protestant Reformation?
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Catholic AnswerIt was called the Catholic Reform, or Counter-reformation by seculars and protestants. The changes in the Church the came after the protestant revolt were many and varied. The Church tightened up on discipline, enforced more complete education for the clergy before they could be ordained, the education of the laity and the spirituality of both the laity and the religious flourished, it was truly a golden era in the Church..
from
A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957
The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the Catholic movement of reform and activity which lasted for about one hundred years from the beginning of the Council of Trent (q.v., 1545), and was the belated answer to the threatening confusion and increasing attacks of the previous years. It was the work principally of the Popes St. Pius V and Gregory XIII and the Council itself in the sphere of authority, of SS. Philip Neri and Charles Borromeo in the reform of the clergy and of life, of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits in apostolic activity of St. Francis Xavier in foreign missions, and of St. Teresa in the purely contemplative life which lies behind them all. But these were not the only names nor was it a movement of a few only; the whole Church emerged from the 15th century purified and revivified. On the other hand, it was a reformation rather than a restoration; the unity of western Christendom was destroyed; the Church militant (those still on earth) led by the Company of Jesus adopted offence as the best means of defence and, though she gained as much as she lost in some sense, the Church did not recover the exercise of her former spiritual supremacy in actuality.
from
Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
What did Martin Luther reform?
Martin Luther's "ideas" were contained in his 95 Theses. They are all over the place, some of them call for things which have always been legitimate Catholic teaching. Others are completely off the wall. The ones that were already Catholic teaching, of course needed no reform, others were condemned by the Church as ludicrous. Bottom line? The Church did not use any of Luther's ideas for its reforms.
I don't believe that Martin Luther gave his 95 Theses a name, although that is what they are called now. Here is what he wrote at the top of his Theses:
Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in Ordinary on the same at that place. Wherefore he requests that those who are unable to be present and debate orally with us, may do so by letter.
Currently, they are referred to as:
Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther
on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgencesby Dr. Martin Luther, 1517
What were criticisms of medieval church in western Europe?
The Church at this time was seen as a corrupt force. Priests contradicted their vows (chastity, poverty, and obedience,) which caused unrest amongst the people later during the Renaissance Era. In addition, priests were able to purchase their offices, meaning they could work their way up the ladder of success through bribery. During the era in which the Church was at war with the Muslims, the Church would often call on crusades. After this event however, the Pope would address his subjects, saying that they need money to form another Crusade to fight off whatever enemy was a threat. It turns out that the Church didn't need a Crusade, but they kept the money for themselves (needless increase in taxes.) Back to the "Priestly Vows." Chastity, which means no tolerance for intercourse, was neglected by many Abbots, Monks, Priests, and even Bishops. These "prominent religious figures" molested boys, payed prostitutes, and committed adultery. Poverty, which means a life devoted to poorness, was also neglected. The Pope, bishops, and Priests lived in wealthy estates, and had luxurious meals day in and day out. Lastly, obedience was also denied. After you look at what the Priests, Abbots, Monks, Bishops, and the Pope did, you could conclude that they do not maintain the obedience with God. In short, the criticisms are the following: They did not follow the 10 commandments completely, they did not support freedom of speech and ideas that conflicted with the Church's, they killed people who went against the Church (heretics,) and they inflicted torture amongst many human beings (physically and mentally.) I think we can all agree that these actions go against what God wants for us. These are some of the criticisms of the Medieval Catholic Church.
that the people wanted a protestant religion so they moved
How did the Pope try to counter the Reformation?
The Reformation is a process that - althoough creating new movements and churches within Christianity-, refers mainly to what happened inside the Catholic Church. Therefore if we have to ask who was Reformed during the Refomration? the first answer has to be the Catholic Church. This reformation was at first, bnnatually opposed by the Catholic Leadership and these effort to counter these changes were based in three spheres:
doctrine : it was established and severly regulated putting the Pope as the maximum arbiter of doctrine in the Catholic Church
Creation of Seminars: From then on, Rpiests were going to receive strict education adn discipline within a set of institutions called seminars
Restructuring: Spiritual orders such as Dominics and Several others were restructured so they could go back to their roots as monastich orders and not as the veritable oners and landlords that they have turned to. also A strict vigilance of spiritual movements such as Spanish Mistics and the spiritual French School, to make them toe the Papal Line more accurately.
All these actions have also been called Counter reform, that is, an effort on the part of the Catholic Church to counteract the influence of the newly minted protestant movements in Europe Especially Lutheranism and Calvinism
Why did many people think that the Catholic Church was in need of reform around A.D. 1500?
Another answer from our community:
The Catholic Church propably wanted to minimize the damage caused by Protestant reformation by making itself more popular, defining its dogmas and fixing its alleged internal problems. This process is called the Counter-Reformation. Wikipedia has a good article on the subject.
