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Software Engineering
Software engineering is the process of applying well-developed techniques and practices in order to create new software products. Questions about everything from design patterns to requirements and specification belong here.
1,663 Questions
What are the advantages of transport layer?
The transport layer is typically handled by processes in the host computer operational system, and not by routers and switches. The transport layer usually turns the unreliable and very basic service provided by the Network layer into a more powerful one. In the TCP/IP model, the transport layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. This involves statistical multiplexing of data from different application processes, i.e. forming data packets, and adding source and destination port numbers in the header of each transport layer data packet. Some transport layer protocols, for example TCP but not UDP, support virtual circuits, i.e. provide connection oriented communication over an underlying packet oriented datagram network. A byte-stream is delivered while hiding the packet mode communication for the application processes. Finally, some transport layer protocols, for example TCP but not UDP, provides end-to-end reliable communication, i.e. error recovery by means of error detecting code and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol. The ARQ protocol also provides flow control, which may be combined with congestion avoidance.
All types of keys in database?
* Alternate key - An alternate key is any candidate key which is not selected to be the primary key
* Candidate key - A candidate key is a field or combination of fields that can act as a primary key field for that table to uniquely identify each record in that table.
* Compound key - compound key (also called a composite key or concatenated key) is a key that consists of 2 or more attributes.
* Primary key - a primary key is a value that can be used to identify a unique row in a table. Attributes are associated with it. Examples of primary keys are Social Security numbers (associated to a specific person) or ISBNs (associated to a specific book).
In the relational model of data, a primary key is a candidate key chosen as the main method of uniquely identifying a tuple in a relation.
* Superkey - A superkey is defined in the relational model as a set of attributes of a relation variable (relvar) for which it holds that in all relations assigned to that variable there are no two distinct tuples (rows) that have the same values for the attributes in this set. Equivalently a superkey can also be defined as a set of attributes of a relvar upon which all attributes of the relvar are functionally dependent.
* Foreign key - a foreign key (FK) is a field or group of fields in a database record that points to a key field or group of fields forming a key of another database record in some (usually different) table. Usually a foreign key in one table refers to the primary key (PK) of another table. This way references can be made to link information together and it is an essential part of database normalization
Is use case model a logical or physical?
A use case model is a logical model.
Each actor on a use case diagram represents a role
A role is a set of related activities executed by one or more people in the organzation. A role is not a specific user, although in some organizations a single person may execute a function leading you to believe that the function is user specific. This is simply a case of a role that is only executed by a single person.
A use case essentially outlines a process, for example withdraw money is a use case that exists for an ATM. Withdraw money is execucted by the role customer. Withdraw money can be executed many times.
Both actors and use cases are abstract and therefore are not physical models.
What can you do apart of your BCA if you want to become a software engineer?
we can improve more one of the language so they get good command in that language...
To answer this question, we need to do a quick review of our numbering system.
The standard numbers we know and love are usually called "base 10" numbers.
Base 10 means that every tenth number adds a new significant digit.
In the binary number system, numbers can be represented with a series of zeros and ones.
For example:
0,1,2,3,4,5... (base 10 numbers)
would be written as:
0,1,10,11,100... (binary numbers)
Binary numbers are useful because they can be represented as 1 or 0, TRUE or FALSE or HIGH or LOW in computers (which have a harder time understanding base 10 in hardware).
A bit can be thought of a single digit in a binary number.
Why do you think that lines of code is so widely used as a metric of product size?
Counting lines of code is so widely used as a productivity metric because it's one of the few easily-measurable aspects of software engineering.
Customers typically don't care about how your product works. When they meet with you to see what progress has been made, it's very hard to show that you've spent two weeks connecting a GUI with some back-end database connections. So the LOC metric is used to show progress in cases when it is impossible to show actual functionality.
How hard is it to become a software engineer?
it can't be measure that how much S/W eng is hard , but its not a hard job to do.
you just study any OOP in detail like C++,Java,Vb, Vb.net etc" then you will be able to design a simple S/W.
Does each node in a doubly linked list contain a link to the previous as well as the next node?
Yes, each node in a doubly linked list contain a link to the previous as well as the next node. That is the definition of the doubly linked list.
Why filtering ICMP traffics by ACLs is not advised?
Because ICMP traffic, notably ICMP ECHO REQUEST-0 and ECHO REPLY-8 are used in network diagnostic sequences.
What is metering skids system?
metering system assembly consists of the following sub-skid:
1. Metering skid, consist of ultrasonic flow meter, pressure transmitter, temperature transmitter, pressure gauge, temperature gauge etc.
2. Analyzer shelter, consist of gas chromatograph, dew point analyzer, and moisture analyzer.
3. Gas metering panel, consist of flow computer and station computer (usually gas metering panel are located inside the control room).
Form the IR planning team, Develop the IR policy, Organize the security incident response team (SIRT), Develop the IR plan, and Develop IR procedures.
The critical elements are: Statement of management commitment. Purpose and objective of the policy. Scope of the policy. Definition of information security incidents and their consequences within the context of the organization. Organization structure and delineation of roles, responsibilities, and level of authority; should include the authority of the incident response team to confiscate or disconnect equipment and to monitor suspicious activity, and the requirements for reporting certain types of incidents. Prioritization or severity rating of incidents. Performance measures and reporting and contact forms.
What is Procedure for registration with nasscom to start BPO?
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* Membership Categories * Fee Structure * Code of Conduct * Election / Nomination to the Executive Council * Voting Rights * Check List of Documents to be attached with the Application Form To enrol as a NASSCOM member follow a simple three-step process: Download Brochure # Fill the Membership Application Form # Attach all the documents mentioned in the Checklist of Documents # Enclose the necessary remittances
Membership Category There are two categories of membership: A. Regular Member IT software and services organization registered in India with annual revenue from IT software and services exceeding Rs 1 crore These include: * Software Development Companies * IT Services Companies * Software Product Companies * Resellers of Branded Software Packages * E-Commerce Companies * IT Enabled Service Companies * System Integrators Eligibility: Any firm, society, company or division thereof registered or incorporated in India and conducting business in IT software, IT services with annual revenue exceeding Rs 1 crore is eligible to apply for Regular membership. B. Associate Member Following categories of organization qualify to become Associate Members * Start up IT software and service organization registered in India with annual revenue from IT software and services not exceeding Rs 1 Crore * Liaison offices of overseas organization registered in India * Organizations providing support/affiliated services to IT software and service organizations qualify to become "institutional members" under category of Associate Members. Membership under this category can be sought by: * NGO's * Government Organisations / Departments * Societies engaged in promotion of IT * Financial Institutions * Venture Capital Firms * Research Institutions * Infrastructure Providers * Real Estate Companies * Managements Consultants * Non Profit Organisations * "Companies providing services to IT industry"
(Associate members enjoy all benefits but are not entitled to vote at any meeting of the association) Fee Structure The Fee Structure is as under # One-Time Admission/Application Fee of Rs. 5,000/-. # Annual Subscription Fee, as detailed hereunder. Annual subscription fee for regular members is based on the gross revenues from IT software and services for the previous financial year and shall be calculated on a slab system (See Table below). For start up companies, the annual subscription would be based on the estimated projected turnover of the current financial year. # Annual mailer and newsletter charges of Rs 4800/- applicable for member categories X, Y, Z, E and F. (Members under categories A,B,C and D are not required to pay Mailer/Newsletter charges) Please note that all payments have to be made by demand draft / Cheque in favour of 'NASSCOM' and payable at New Delhi / Mumbai / Chennai / Bangalore / Hyderabad Subscription Fee Structure ANNUAL GROSS REVENUE FROM IT SOFTWARE & SERVICES CATEGORYANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION
(IN RS.) 1. REGULAR MEMBERS * Exceeding Rs 10000 crore A(V) 60,00,000 * Exceeding Rs 5000 crore but not exceeding Rs 10000 crore A(IV) 40,00,000 * Exceeding Rs 2000 crore but not exceeding Rs 5000 crore A(III) 25,00,000 * Exceeding Rs 1000 crore but not exceeding Rs 2000 crore A(II) 12,50,000 * Exceeding Rs 500 crore but not exceeding Rs 1000 crore A(I)7,50,000 * Exceeding Rs 200 crore but not exceeding Rs 500 Crore B 4,50,000 * Exceeding Rs 50 crore but not exceeding Rs 200 Crore C 2,00,000 * Exceeding Rs 20 crore but not exceeding Rs 50 Crore D 85,000 * Exceeding Rs 5 crore but not exceeding Rs 20 Crore E45,000 * Exceeding Rs 1 crore but not exceeding Rs 5 Crore F 22,000 2. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS * Institutional Members X 50,000 * Foreign companies having liaison office in India Y 40,000 * Not exceeding Rs 1 Crore Z 10,000 EXPLANATIONS * In case of members having both IT software and services as well as non-software interest, the subscription shall be based on IT software and services activities only. In case of any doubt the quantum shall be decided by the Executive Council and it will be binding on the members. * Members shall, as and when required by the Association, furnish necessary information relating to their gross turnover and authorised capital. If any member fails to furnish this information, the Association is entitled to charge subscription from such members on the basis of 25 percent increase over its gross sales turnover figures of the previous year. * The annual subscription fees of new members joining after September in any year will be reduced to half the annual fees and those joining later than December in any Financial year will be provided membership on complimentary basis for the financial year under reference, subject to their paying the necessary application and subscription charges for the subsequent year in advance. MEMBERSHIP DUES All membership dues are payable in advance for a financial year (April - March) in full and become due on the first of April each year and are payable before the end of May that year. REVISION OF FEES The Executive Council reserves the right to revise the fee structure, as long as increases are limited to 25 percent of the respective fees and such revision is not effected more than once in a 12-month period. In all other cases, approval of the Association in a General Body meeting is required.
Code of Conduct All members of NASSCOM are bound to conform to the Code of Conduct of the Association, as under: Relationship with Client: Dealings with clients must be conducted in an ethical manner; terms of agreements should be clearly and precisely expressed and fulfilled in good faith; work undertaken should be carried out promptly and efficiently and client's interests properly safeguarded and confidentiality maintained. Relations with Fellow Members: Dealings with fellow members must be conducted in a positive and professional manner and in utmost courtesy and fairness; property rights, work results, confidential data and vendor/client relations of fellow members ought to be respected; and no engagement in harmful, disparaging or predatory tactics will be entertained. Relations with Principals: Members shall represent Principals in a fair and business like manner in accordance with their contract, their property and other rights; and provide full and accurate business records. Relations with Employees: Members shall strive to employ high caliber staff and offer fair and equal opportunities for growth and development. Relevant training and constant upgrading of the employees has to be provided in line with job responsibilities. Also, employees have to be informed of their obligation to keep important data confidential. And of the fact that any professional misconduct constituting of unauthorized disclosure of confidential nature or violation of copyright laws will cause employers to take disciplinary action. Relations with Public: Members shall promote effective use of information technology as an instrument for social and economic good and act as good corporate citizens and fulfill their responsibilities to the community. Relations with International Community: Members shall promote communication with foreign countries, based on international cooperation. They would not harm India 's image, while conducting business abroad. Intellectual Property Protection: Members shall neither use nor encourage the use of pirated software in their own and their client's organizations. Election/Nomination to the Executive Council The general management and the control of the Association shall be vested in the Executive Council, which shall consist of not more than 30 and not less than 3 members. Meetings of the Executive Council shall be held not less than once in 3 months. The Executive Council may, at its discretion, nominate up to a maximum of 6 additional members. In no circumstances may a member company have more than 1 elected representative on the Executive Council. The Chairman and Vice Chairman will be elected by the Executive Council immediately upon its assuming office after the Annual General Meeting, each member of the Executive Council will having one vote for this purpose. The tenure of the Executive Council would be for two years but the Chairman, Vice Chairman, so elected by the Executive Council would assume office for one year. At the end of one year, the Executive Council would again elect a Chairman and Vice Chairman. The outgoing Chairman or Vice Chairman shall be eligible for re-election.
Category Numbers 1. General or Open 18 2. Nominated 6 3. Immediate Past Chairmen(s) 2 4. President / Secretary (ex - office) 1
TOTAL 27 Each member of the Association will have votes as described earlier. The first Executive Council shall dissolve itself at the close of the second Annual General Meeting and a new Council will assume office. Tenure of the members of the Council including its co-opted members will be for two years. However, the term of the Chairman and Vice Chairmen will be for one year. The Council through co-option will fill any temporary vacancy as and when necessary. This will be in addition to the co-opted members referred to earlier. The tenure of these members will coincide with the tenure of the Council. The outgoing council members shall be eligible for re- election.
Voting Rights Regular members are entitled to hold office and vote at any meeting of the Association. The voting rights of members shall be calculated according to the share of annual subscription of members on the following basis (fractions of a rupee being ignored). Associate Members have no voting rights.
Annual Subscription Category VotesRs.22,000 F 1 Rs.45,000 E 2 Rs.85,000 D 3 Rs.2,00,000 C 4 Rs.4,50,000 B 5 Rs.7,50,000 - Rs.60,00,000 A 6 Checklist of Documents If an applicant meets the eligibility criteria, they may apply for membership by sending the following to the NASSCOM Secretariat: * Membership Application Form completed in all respects, duly signed and stamped. * Brief company profile on the company letterhead/printed corporate brochure. * An attested copy of Memorandum and Articles of Association to be provided in case of companies (including the copy of certificate of Incorporation). * An attested copy of Balance Sheet of the last financial year. Start up companies are required to attach a copy of their Project Report/Business Plan. * Certificate of Turnover: Certificate signed by the Company Auditor or Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the applicant or equivalent, stating their gross turnover from IT software and services in the last financial year (Start-ups may give projections for the current financial year). * Details of each of the promoters, in terms of educational and professional background. In case of 100%owned subsidiaries, a profile of the parent company needs to be attached. * In case the company has applied for listing at STP/ SEZ, a copy of the STP/ SEZ approval/ Green card issued needs to be attached. * Letter of reference from two registered NASSCOM member companies. Click here to view the registered members. * Necessary remittances, which includes:
• one-time admission fees of Rs. 5,000/-
• annual membership subscription (see Subscription Fee chart), and
• Mailers and Newsletter charges of Rs .4,800/-per annum
