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Software Engineering
Software engineering is the process of applying well-developed techniques and practices in order to create new software products. Questions about everything from design patterns to requirements and specification belong here.
1,663 Questions
How do you differentiate between Harvard and Von Neumann architecture?
There are basically two types of digital computer architectures. The first one is called Von Neumann architecture and later Harvard architecture was adopted for designing digital computers.
Von Neumann Architecture:
- It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John Von Neumann.
- The computer has single storage system(memory) for storing data as well as program to be executed.
- Processor needs two clock cycles to complete an instruction.Pipelining the instructions is not possible with this architecture.
- In the first clock cycle the processor gets the instruction from memory and decodes it. In the next clock cycle the required data is taken from memory. For each instruction this cycle repeats and hence needs two cycles to complete an instruction.
- This is a relatively older architecture and was replaced by Harvard architecture.
Harvard Architecture:
- The name is originated from "Harvard Mark I" a relay based old computer.
- The computer has two separate memories for storing data and program.
- Processor can complete an instruction in one cycle if appropriate pipelining strategies are implemented.
- In the first stage of pipeline the instruction to be executed can be taken from program memory.In the second stage of pipeline data is taken from the data memory using the decoded instruction or address.
- Most of the modern computing architectures are based on Harvard architecture.But the number of stages in the pipeline varies from system to system.
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blood bank mgt system
and many more....
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The best way is to first convert hexadecimal to binary and then to octal.
For example the hexadcimal number B4EA is in binary:
B 4 E A
1011 0100 1110 1010
Thus B4EA (hexadecimal) = 1011010011101010 (binary)
We add leading zeros to the binary number in order to be able to divide the number in sets of 3 digits. Then we convert easy to octal as follows:
001 011 010 011 101 010
1 3 2 3 5 2
Therefore 1011010011101010 (binary) = 132352 (octal)
and from here you have your result:
B4EA (hexadecimal) = 132352 (octal)
What is the critical distintion between throwaway and evolutionary prototyping?
In throwaway prototype model we discard the prototype and start from scratch. In evolutionary prototype model we make changes in the prototype and refine it.
What information is provided by use cases or a use case diagram?
Use case diagrams are used foe better understanding of software. They have actors , use cases and relation between them.
What is the name of the application development project for which waterfall model is not suitable?
When we are talking about a big project we Use Water fall model. Water fall model has total of five stages.
http://www.edrawsoft.com/images/examples/data-flow-diagrams.png
http://www.conceptdraw.com/products/img/ScreenShots/cd5/uml/DataFlowSample.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Data_Flow_Diagram_Example.jpg
What is system implementation in software engineering?
System implementation is the creation and installation of the method to follow the engineering principals to remove part of the human element in the equation. Software engineering is a rapidly growing field.
Difference between top down and bottom up approach?
top down:
You formulate the problem and solve it inroducing simple operations, for instance, you need to add 2 numbers. This is your problem which you have to solve.
You devide it in simpler problems. Remember in computer memoty first additive, then second. And then add it to each other and show result or save in another variable and show the result.Top down approach is the most popular method in programming.
bottom up:
This method is more complicated because it's not easy to formulate simple problems and end up with a global problem. In most cases bottom up is reversed to top down approach.
What subjects are required to study computer engineering?
In order to have a career in computer programming you must know how computers work, their logic (binary logic) and ofcourse at least one mainstream programming language. The most used computer programming languages are C++ and C#. The C++ language is more powrfull and gives more capabitilies of interacting with the H/Y, while C# is far more easy for the novice user while being as powerful as C++.
What is Team Software Process mean?
A software team is a group of software engineers, software coders, software testers, documentation writers, etc. that work together on the design, development, testing, and documentation of a specific piece of software. Occasionally some people from nonsoftware fields (e.g. hardware technicians) may be attached to a software team (often for a short time) to assist with specific issues.
What is the difference between sketching and drawing in engineering?
During my lecture to faculties of engg Institutes affiliated to RGPV bhopal, i asked this question myself and searced on web. No correct answer was found. Then I gave a deep thougt to it and my thoughts are as follows: Graphs are schematic models in the language of Operations Research. Other two conceptual level models are Iconic/ physicsl and symbolic/ mathematical. Schematic diagram/ model represent some quntity of interest proportional to other visible quantities like legth (bar graphs) or area (pie digrams). Graphs are most widely used in engg and management and it is said that a graph / image is equivelent of several pages of description. Thus a graph normally represnt relation or comparison between two or more independent and dependent variables. Drawings, on the contrary, provide methood and rules to represent one, two or three dimensional objects.
Full subtractor using 2 half subtractor?
The half adder is an example of a simple, functional digital circuit built from two logic gates. A half adder adds two one-bit binary numbers A and B. It has two outputs, S and C (the value theoretically carried on to the next addition); the final sum is 2C + S.
A full adder has three inputs - A, B, and CarryIn from the prior stage. It generates a Result and a Carryout with the truth table...
ABC-RC
000-00
001-10
010-10
011-01
100-10
101-01
110-01
111-11
The adder can be a ripple adder, in which the propogation delay depends on the carry "rippling" through the logic, or it can be a look-ahead-carry type, which has constant propagation delay time, at the expense of more logic.
What is the step by step process of rad model?
RAD stands for rapid application development model in short. RAD can be used on systems that can be time- boxed to deliver functionality in increments.
What is function in javascript?
A Function in JavaScript is a note to the program to group all of the actions performed in the Function clause to be referenced as the functions name, so that one does not need to copy out the function every time they want to run the group of actions.
What are the steps in product life cycle management?
The steps may vary to one life cycle to another.The main steps are requirements specification, designing, coding, testing and maintenance.
There are different development models, so the stages are different. Typically either Analysis can be second if a Feasibility Study is first, or Design can be second if Analysis is first.
What are the 5 different ways of design phase in software engineering?
A defined set of system models
Rules that apply to these models
Guidelines for design 'good practice'
A model of the design process
Formats for reports on the design
Difference between positioning and pointing computer devices?
pointing device like mouse because by mouse we can perform operations graphically. and positioning devices like keyboard.....
What are some places where a computer is used?
Computers are used in many places:
- schools
- colleges
- banks
- hospitals
- railway stations
- airports
- children's museums
- tax accounting offices
- at construction projects
- doctors' offices
- cars
- stock trading offices
- computer shops
- houses
- malls
print means print, f means formatting
or
printf is a output statement function in the C run-time library
example:
printf ("the value of A is %d\n", A);
Why is making a model or prototype important in the engineering design process?
Modelling the idea allows you to design the prototype seeing the costraints needed, the advantages and disadvantages, and the features or parts needed to meet the requirements.
A software process model is a simplified description of a software process which is
presented from a particular perspective. Models, by their very nature, are
simplifications so a software process model is an abstraction of the actual process
which is being described. Process models may include activities which are part of
the software process, software products and the roles of people involved in software
engineering.
Some examples of the types of software process model which may be
produced are:
1. A workflow model. This shows the sequence of activities in the process
along with their inputs, outputs and dependencies. The activities in this
model represent human actions.
2. A dataflow or activity model This represents the process as a set of activities
each of which carries out some data transformation. It shows how the input
to the process such as a specification is transformed to an output such as a
design. The activities here may be at a lower-level than activities in a
workflow model. They may represent transformations carried out by people
or by computers.
3. A role/action model This represents the roles of the people involved in the
software process and the activities for which they are responsible.
4. Iterative Processes This prescribes the construction of initially small but ever larger portions of a software project to help all those involved to uncover important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions can lead to disaster. Iterative processes are preferred by commercial developers because it allows a potential of reaching the design goals of a customer who does not know how to define what they want.
5. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is one of the leading models and based on best practice. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced CMM.
There are a number of different general models or paradigms of software
development:
1. The waterfall approach This takes the above activities and represents them as
separate process phases such as requirements specification, software design,
implementation, testing and so on. After each stage is defined it is 'signedoff'
and development goes on to the following stage.
2. Evolutionary development This approach interleaves the activities of
specification, development and validation. An initial system is rapidly
developed from very abstract specifications. This is then refined with
customer input to produce a system which satisfies the customer's needs.
The system may then be delivered. Alternatively, it may be re-implemented
using a more structured approach to produce a more robust and maintainable
system.
3. Formal transformation This approach is based on producing a formal
mathematical system specification and transforming this specification, using
mathematical methods to a program. These transformations are 'correctness preserving'.
This means that you can be sure that the developed program
meets its specification.
4. System assembly from reusable components This technique assumes that
parts of the system already exist. The system development process focuses
on integrating these parts rather than developing them from scratch.
