Biochemistry

Phosphorylase adds the Phosphate group to substrate, but phosphatase takes off the Phosphate group from the substrate. the function of phosphorylase can be considered as same as kinase.

they are all playing key roles in the cellular signalling transduction via control the phosphorylation, the phosphatase can be the negative or positive regulator for different pathways. e.g. PTP1B dephosphorylates the JAK2 to suppress leptin in the hypothalamus that contribute to weight gain.

any form of sugar is changed into glucose, because the only hormone the body has to break down sugars is insulin and insulin can only break down glucose. fructose and galactose are unusable forms, think of it as a "some-assembly-required" product, fructose and galactose are the unassembled forms, glucose is the assembled.

The DNA is loaded into wells at one end of the gel in gel electrophoresis apparatus. When an electric current is applied, the DNA is separated based on size as it moves through the gel towards the opposite end.

Oil dag is a mixture of oil-based substances used to lubricate machinery and equipment. Aqua dag is a water-based lubricant commonly used for metalworking and cooling applications. Both are designed to reduce friction and heat generation in industrial processes.

The ribose sugar in RNA has an additional oxygen, which holds a hydrogen, thus making it a hydroxyl group.

Alternative fuels are renewable and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, such as gasoline and coal, which are non-renewable and contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change. Examples of alternative fuels include biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. Overall, alternative fuels are considered more sustainable and environmentally friendly than fossil fuels.

Vitamin A is responsible for the synthesis of rhodopsin, which is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the retina. Rhodopsin plays a crucial role in the process of vision in low-light conditions.

enzymes require specific temperature and pH in order to work properly. Otherwise, the temperature or pH change their conformation or disable their ability to bind the substrate because the required electrostatic interactions might not happen under different pH.

Heavier DNA strands move slower through the gel due to their larger size and mass, causing them to travel shorter distances during the same amount of time compared to lighter DNA strands. This results in the heavier DNA bands being closer together on the gel, as they have not traveled as far as the lighter bands in the same time frame.

Hydrolysis of maltose will give rise to two molecules of glucose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules joined together, and hydrolysis breaks this bond, releasing individual glucose molecules.

Yes, DNA molecules contain a sugar called deoxyribose, which is a key component of the DNA backbone.

They don't, exactly. However, both the nitrogen and the carbon participating in the bond are in the sp2 hybridization state, and this allows for a resonance structure making the group planar and restricting rotation about the carbon-nitrogen bond.

Because vitamins are water-soluble, an excess would be expelled from your system, most noticeably in the bright color of urine. Hence, "too much vitamin C" will go down the drain rather than settle in the bones.

Pepsin is a catabolic enzyme. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides by breaking peptide bonds, aiding in the digestion of proteins in the stomach.

In the soil nutrients bond to soil/ colloidal particles; in hydroponics there is no soil only a volume of liquid. As the medium is liquid the individual chemical elements are more or less free to move and are exposed to other elements are a much greater rate than what they would be in the soil. This results in chemical bonding, some of the new products formed are insoluble in water (unless the pH and temperature are manipulated); these are normally heavier and precipitate to the bottom of the mixing/ storage tanks.

For this reason some nutrients are only added to the solution just prior to use so that they do not precipitate out (Iron/ Fe being one of them).

mRNAs code for the 20 standard amino acids found in proteins. Each group of three nucleotides on the mRNA (codon) corresponds to a specific amino acid, as determined by the genetic code.

Core enzyme (without σ) does not specifically bind promoters, but rather dsDNA very tightly

• KD ≈ 5 x 10-12M t1/2 ≈ 60 minutes

• Holoenzyme binds non-promoter DNA more loosely

• KD ≈ 10-7M t1/2 > 1 sec

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to regulate internal conditions to maintain stability in response to changes in the external environment. It involves various physiological mechanisms that help maintain a balance within the body, such as temperature regulation, pH balance, and nutrient levels. This process is essential for the optimal functioning of cells and overall health.

If cellular respiration begins with two molecules of glucose, a total of about 76 molecules of ATP can be generated through the process of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. This is because each molecule of glucose yields approximately 38 molecules of ATP through the complete process of cellular respiration.

Yes, excessive intake of water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins can be harmful because they are not stored in the body and can reach toxic levels more easily than fat-soluble vitamins. It's important to follow recommended daily allowances and avoid megadoses without consulting a healthcare professional.

Gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze differences in DNA before and after the genetic modification. In this process, the DNA on the gel moves according to size under the influence of an electric field.

Changes in the size of the DNA after genetic modification can be seen on the gel

Excessive consumption of polished rice can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), as the polishing process removes the outer layer of the grain where most of the thiamine is found. Symptoms of thiamine deficiency include weakness, fatigue, and nerve damage. It's important to consume a balanced diet including a variety of foods to ensure adequate intake of all essential nutrients.

glucose is sugar, so sugar would help the coco pops to stick together. with the wheat i think. /what a random question

The spoils system is a system when the elected appoints his friends to offices based on their support, not skill. Does that sound like a good idea? The only way i could argue this to be a good idea is if you take into account that like-minded government officials are more likely to accomplish change as compared to battling political minds (But then again, the Democrats certainly have failed despite controlling presidency and Congress from '08-'10)

Source: My mind

The liquid contained within cells is called cytoplasm. It is a jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles within the cell and helps in various cellular processes.