Biochemistry

Glutathione has always existed in the human body, and it was first discovered in 1888, well over 100 hundred years ago, by J. de-Rey-Pailhaide, viewing it under a microscope while studying the human eyeball. It was discovered in time that a healthy human eyeball is very high in glutathione.

Now, in August 2012, if you go to pubmed.gov where all published peer-reviewed medical studies are displayed, you will find over 102,000 references to it and its impact on your cellular health. The research is ongoing, and the number of published studies will continue to increase as we learn more about the benefits of this protein in our bodies.

A peptide bond holds together two amino acids by linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. This bond forms during protein synthesis and is essential for building long chains of amino acids (polypeptides) that make up proteins.

Silicone is considered to be a very safe polymer with virtually no toxic effects in most environments. Also, as silicone is not considered as hazardous waste it can be disposed of in accordance with the local regulations regarding waste disposal.

When solid napthalene burns in air, the only part of the air that ineracts with the napthalene is oxygen in the form of O2. Air will also contain carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water vapour, and a bunch of other stuff, but this does not actually come into the chemical equation.

The products of glycolysis are 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvate. ATP provides energy for cellular functions, NADH transfers electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production, and pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle to generate more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

400mg of vitamin D is equivalent to 10,000 IU (International Units). IU and mg are different units of measurement for vitamin D, with 1 IU equaling 0.025 mcg for vitamin D3. It's important to consider the measurement units when determining the appropriate dosage of vitamin D for supplementation.

The vitamins that are fat soluble are vitamins A, D, E and K. They are fat soluble because they are stored in the human body for longer periods. They therefore pose a greater risk for toxicity when they are consumed in excess.

Methyl red is typically used in pH tests to determine if a solution is acidic (pH<4.4), while phenol red is typically used to approximate the pH of a solution (between pH 6.8-8.4). Use methyl red when you need to indicate a more acidic pH level, and phenol red for a broader pH range closer to neutral.

It can be dangerous in extreme cases. It can be harmful to an unborn baby during pregnancy, which is why you are discouraged from eating things like liver etc.

I'm not sure if it is, or needs to be reversable. Perhaps someone else who specialises in nutrition would be able to answer that one.

You use vitamins up in your everyday life, so as far as I'm aware I would think that the vitamin A would just work it's way though in time. But I'm NT an expert in this field, so like I said, someone else may just clarify whether it would work its way out or not.

Erwin Chargaff was an Austrian biochemist who emigrated to the United States during the Nazi era and was a Professor of biochemistry at Columbia University medical school. Through careful experimentation, Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the RNA component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis. It is not physically attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but ribosomes bound to rRNA, known as rough ER, are associated with the ER and play a role in translating proteins that are destined for secretion or incorporation into membranes.

Two monosaccharides that make up a disaccharide are glucose and fructose.

The price of white calcite can vary depending on factors such as quality and source. On average, white calcite can range from $1 to $5 per pound. It is recommended to check with suppliers or retailers for current pricing.

convection - as the water near the heat source gets warmer, it becomes less dense and rises, creating a current that circulates the water in the pan.

Vitamin C tablets typically contain ascorbic acid as the active ingredient along with additional components such as binding agents, fillers, and coatings to form the tablet. Some tablets may also include other ingredients like citrus bioflavonoids or rose hips for additional benefits.

It is difficult to determine an exact number as it depends on various factors like an individual's metabolism, overall health, and how the bananas are consumed. However, consuming an extremely large number of bananas in a short period could lead to potassium poisoning, which can be fatal. It is best to eat bananas in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule recognizes a specific codon on the mRNA through its anticodon sequence, ensuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. Ultimately, tRNA plays a crucial role in translating the genetic code into a specific protein sequence.

ok i am an ib student doing chem lets see if this answers your questen. if you want the identity of an atom inside a unknow compound you either need to have some fancy equiment or to know every thing else inside the compound and know the moles present ans the mass of the whole molecule. if you want to know the number of atoms then there are a few ways to go depending on what you have been given. if you know the molecular formula and you know how many moles there is then you simply need to times by avogadro's number. avogadro's number is 6.02214179(30)×1023 . but you can just do it to 6.02. this will give you the number of molecules. then you just times by the number of atoms in the molecule.

here is an example

6 moles of glucose

6 C6 H12 O6

6×6.02×1023 =3.612 ×1024

now to find carbon simply times by 6 again because there are 6 carbon in each molecule of glucose.

Converting one form of energy or potential energy into another.

I use taking foreign currency (NADH and FADH2) and trying to buy a coffee in the US with it.

It is still money but no matter how hard you try Starbucks (mussels) will not except it you must first convert it into US currency before you can use it at Starbucks. This conversion is the Electron Transport Chain it is taking and exchanging NADH for ATP or H+ Depending on how detailed you get. (Pesos for Dollars).

Yes, phospholipids are polarized molecules because they contain both a hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails. This dual nature allows them to form the lipid bilayer structure in cell membranes.

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections in humans.
2. Salmonella is a bacteria commonly associated with food poisoning, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps in infected individuals.

An example of regulation in biology is the hormone insulin controlling blood sugar levels in the body. When blood sugar levels rise after a meal, insulin is released to help cells take up glucose for energy production, thereby regulating and maintaining the body's blood sugar levels within a narrow range.

The growth of bacteria is influenced by temperature. With a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, the growth of bacteria may be slower compared to warmer temperatures. It is possible for bacteria to grow in such conditions but at a slower rate than if the temperature were more conducive for growth.

A catalyst helps speed up a chemical reaction.

For example, a catalyst of acidified dichromate ions or acidified permanganate ions can help speed up the reactions of oxidation of an (alcohol into an aldehyde?) etc.

Catalysts are used for reactions which would usually be of a very slow speed.

Some studies suggest that vitamin B supplements may help improve focus and cognitive function in individuals with ADD/ADHD. However, the evidence is not conclusive, and it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen. Other treatments, such as medication and behavioral therapy, are more commonly recommended for managing ADD symptoms.